The recently published study in JAMA Network Open provides intriguing insights into the evolving perceptions of Americans regarding the daily use of marijuana. This study reveals a notable shift, where 44% of Americans now consider the daily intake of marijuana as a safer option compared to inhaling tobacco. This marks a remarkable increase from the previous figure of 26% in 2017. Several factors could be contributing to this shift, including the rapid legalization of cannabis across the country, the rising popularity of cannabis-related products like vaping devices and edibles, and the widely acknowledged detrimental effects of tobacco on health. However, the authors of the study caution that this perception may not be entirely accurate in the context of scientific evidence.
It is important to note that while research into the effects of cannabis smoke is not as extensive as that into tobacco smoke, existing studies do point towards potential health risks. Cannabis smoke contains numerous carcinogens that are very similar to those found in tobacco smoke and can cause irritation to the lungs and airways. Additionally, it could potentially impair cognitive functions and heighten the risk of developing conditions like bronchitis and other respiratory disturbances.
Given these potential health hazards, the study authors strongly recommend that proactive efforts should be made to educate the public about the health risks associated with cannabis smoke, especially as its usage continues to rise. This is particularly necessary in the face of the increasing acceptance and normalization of marijuana use. They also stress the urgent need for more comprehensive research into the long-term health implications of cannabis use, in order to fully understand its effects and adjust public health policies accordingly.
In order to mitigate the potential harm that can arise from cannabis smoke, there are several alternative consumption methods that one might consider. These include the use of cannabis-infused edibles or vaping devices, which can provide the desired effects without the necessity of inhaling potentially harmful smoke. If smoking is unavoidable, using a water pipe or another filtration device when smoking cannabis could help to reduce the intake of tar and other harmful substances. It is also advisable to avoid smoking cannabis in enclosed spaces that are shared with others, to prevent exposing them to secondhand smoke. Lastly, it is crucial to have an open conversation with your physician about the potential risks and benefits of cannabis use, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions. This will ensure that individuals are making informed decisions about their health and well-being.
The Medical Cannabis Clinicians Society (MCCS) provides a comprehensive, self-paced online course titled “Medical Cannabis Explained: Become a Confident Prescriber.” This enriching educational programme has been meticulously designed to bolster the knowledge and understanding of healthcare providers about the safe and effective prescription of medical cannabis. Deeply insightful, the course probes into a wide range of subjects, including cannabis’s intricate pharmacology, the complex UK legislation pertaining to its use, and the evidence-based application of medical cannabis in the treatment of various health conditions. This course ensures that those invested in patient care can confidently navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of medical cannabis.
On the other hand, Sativa Learning presents an equally enlightening platform with its “Medical Cannabis Course.” Although its content parallels the MCCS course in many respects, Sativa Learning distinguishes itself by enriching the learning experience with a variety of interactive activities. Utilizing patient-clinician videos, it offers a more immersive learning experience, allowing students to understand the real-world implications of medical cannabis use.
For those seeking a more intense, live training experience, the “Medical Cannabis Training for Clinicians in the UK” by the prestigious Academy of Medical Cannabis is an option worth considering. This course delves deep, accentuating the pathway towards becoming a prescribing specialist. The curriculum focusses heavily on safe dosage guidelines and lays out the essential prerequisites for a prescriber. It’s a comprehensive course, aiming to arm healthcare practitioners with the knowledge and skills needed to responsibly administer medical cannabis.
If you’re at the beginning of your journey, the “Cannabis-based Products for Medicinal Use” by e-LfH serves as an excellent introductory resource. This free online module unravels the fundamentals of cannabis and its derivatives. It delves into the depths of their pharmacology, provides clarity on the legislation that governs their use, and investigates their therapeutic applications. It’s an easily accessible starting point that provides a broad overview of the field.
It’s crucial to remember that these courses represent just a fraction of the medical cannabis courses available in the UK. There are also courses tailored for the general public, such as those offered by the Centre for Medicinal Cannabis at King’s College London.
If you’re considering enrolling in a medical cannabis course, it is highly recommended to conduct in-depth research to pinpoint the one that best resonates with your personal and professional needs. Keeping your goals in sharp focus will allow you to select a course that aligns with your career trajectory. It’s also advisable to prioritize courses accredited by a credible organization, ensuring the value and recognition of the education you receive.
Sativa Learning is an innovative and forward-thinking online education platform that specializes in offering Continuing Professional Development (CPD) accredited courses, specifically focused on different facets of the cannabis industry. This online learning institution presents a broad spectrum of courses covering the medical, legal, scientific, and business aspects of cannabis. These courses are designed to provide an in-depth understanding of the burgeoning cannabis industry and offer insights into its multifaceted nature.
The courses offered by Sativa Learning are not created in isolation but are developed through strategic partnerships with industry experts. These collaborations include professionals from diverse fields such as medical practitioners, legal consultants, scientists, and business executives who are deeply ingrained in the cannabis industry. By working closely with these professionals, Sativa Learning ensures that the curriculum is relevant, up-to-date, and reflective of the current trends and practices in the cannabis sector.
One unique feature of the courses offered by Sativa Learning is their commitment to providing students with the practical tools necessary to foster a successful career in the cannabis industry. The platform emphasizes not only on theoretical knowledge but also on practical skills, equipping students with the necessary tools to cultivate their careers. For instance, students are taught business strategies and marketing techniques specifically designed for the cannabis industry. They’re also trained on the best practices in cannabis cultivation, processing, and distribution. By incorporating these practical elements into the curriculum, Sativa Learning ensures that students are well-prepared to navigate the challenges of the cannabis industry.
In the medical dimension, students are enlightened about the therapeutic potential of cannabis, its interaction with the human body, and its various applications in treating diseases. The legal aspect tackles the intricate laws, regulations, and ethical considerations surrounding cannabis use, production, and sale. Meanwhile, the scientific perspective delves into the botany of cannabis, the chemistry of cannabinoids, and the technology used in cannabis research and development. Lastly, the business component provides insights into the commercial potential of cannabis, covering topics such as market trends, business strategies, investment opportunities, and regulatory hurdles in the cannabis industry.
In summary, Sativa Learning is much more than a simple online education platform. It is a comprehensive learning experience that provides a holistic approach to cannabis education. By offering CPD accredited courses developed in conjunction with industry experts, and focusing on providing practical tools for career cultivation, Sativa Learning stands at the forefront of cannabis education, preparing students for a promising future in the ever-evolving cannabis industry.
The Medical Cannabis Training course is a highly informative, live program that is spearheaded by Professor Mike Barnes, one of the United Kingdom’s foremost authorities in the field of medical cannabis. Professor Barnes is not just a highly esteemed expert and clinician who has dedicated his life to medical cannabis research and applications, but he is also an influential advocate for the use of this plant in medicine. The course that he meticulously designed and now teaches, provides a comprehensive understanding of medical cannabis, its applications, effects, and legalities.
The course covers an extensive array of topics. It commences with an in-depth exploration of the history of medical cannabis. Students will be walked through the intriguing journey of this powerful plant, from its earliest uses in ancient civilizations to its modern-day role in contemporary medicine. This historical overview sets the stage for a broader understanding of the journey this medicinal plant has traversed and its significance in today’s medical landscape.
Subsequently, the course delves into the realm of pharmacology, elucidating the scientific aspects of cannabis. The constituents of the plant, the cannabinoids, their effects and how they interact with the human body’s endocannabinoid system are thoroughly examined. This part of the course offers detailed insight into the science behind cannabis, its therapeutic properties, and how it is processed within the body.
The next part of the course focuses on the evidence supporting the therapeutic use of cannabis. Professor Barnes presents students with the most recent, cutting-edge research studies and clinical trials that validate the efficacy of medical cannabis for a variety of conditions. This section solidifies the theoretical and practical understanding of the utility of this plant in a healthcare setting.
Following the evidential basis, the course discusses the indications for medical cannabis. This segment of the course outlines the broad array of medical conditions and symptoms that may benefit from cannabis treatment, backed by scientific evidence. It helps students understand which patient populations can be served and in what contexts medical cannabis can be beneficial.
The course then introduces a wide range of medical cannabis products currently available. It covers different forms and routes of administration, such as oils, tinctures, capsules, topicals, and vaporization, making students well-versed with the range of options that healthcare professionals can recommend to their patients.
Next, the course delves into the topic of dosages, highlighting the importance of precision and individualized dosing in the therapeutic use of cannabis. Students learn the principles of “Start Low and Go Slow,” ensuring patient safety and maximizing therapeutic effects.
Finally, the course delves into the legal aspects surrounding medical cannabis. It covers the current UK laws and regulations around prescription, dispensation, and usage, ensuring that students have a sound understanding of the legal landscape that governs medical cannabis.
Above all, the course emphasizes the best practices for safe and responsible prescribing. It instills in students the importance of careful evaluation, patient education, and continuous monitoring to ensure the best patient outcomes. By the conclusion of the course, students will have gained a robust, comprehensive understanding of medical cannabis, from its historical roots to its modern medical applications.
“Cannabis-based Products for Medicinal Use” is an exceptional online module that is offered completely free of charge. This informative and enlightening course is the result of a collaborative effort between three highly esteemed institutions: NHS England, Health Education England, and the University of Birmingham. These organizations, known for their commitment to public health, education, and research, come together to create a module that is designed to enrich knowledge and understanding about the medicinal utilization of cannabis.
This interactive online module provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of cannabis and its derivatives. It disseminates fundamental information about the plant, which is a complex botanical species that has been used by humans for thousands of years. The course delves into the chemical structure and properties of the two primary cannabinoids, THC and CBD, which are responsible for the various therapeutic actions of cannabis.
The module explains how the human body’s endocannabinoid system interacts with these compounds, leading to its potential therapeutic effects. This intricate science is presented in a simplified, comprehensible manner, enabling healthcare professionals and the wider public to gain a concrete understanding of cannabis pharmacology.
In addition to the scientific and medical aspects, the module also meticulously covers the legislation surrounding cannabis. Given the regulatory complexities and varying legal landscapes across countries and states, understanding cannabis laws is critical. The course provides an in-depth exploration of the UK’s regulations on cannabis-based products for medicinal use, helping individuals navigate the legal aspects with ease.
Beyond the scientific and legal aspects, the module goes a step further to delve into the therapeutic applications of cannabis. It presents a balanced view of the potential benefits and risks associated with the use of cannabis-based medicines. The course explores a variety of conditions where cannabis-based products can be beneficial, such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and chronic pain. It also aims to dispel myths and misconceptions about cannabis use, ultimately empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health.
“Cannabis-based Products for Medicinal Use” is therefore much more than a simple online module. It is a comprehensive journey through the world of cannabis, providing valuable insights into the plant’s chemistry, its interaction with the human body, the laws that govern its use, and the myriad therapeutic applications it has to offer. This free online course is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in learning more about the medicinal use of cannabis, whether they are healthcare professionals, patients, caregivers, or simply curious individuals. It reflects the commitment of NHS England, Health Education England, and the University of Birmingham to fostering an educated and informed public.
The University of Mississippi is expanding its academic offerings with the introduction of a master’s program in medical cannabis and dietary supplements. This two-year online program, scheduled to begin in Fall 2024 under the School of Mississippi School of Pharmacy’s oversight, is designed to facilitate learning in the growing fields of dietary supplements and medical cannabis. As marijuana legalization gains momentum across states, academic institutions nationwide are innovating their curricula to foster learning and professional development opportunities in this booming sector. The University of Maryland School of Pharmacy pioneered this trend in 2019 by introducing a master’s degree in medical cannabis science and therapeutics. Today, a multitude of community colleges and universities offer various levels of degrees and courses in this domain, with further expansion anticipated.
David Colby, Director of Online Graduate Programs in the Biomedical Sciences Department, pointed out the exceptional demand met by Ole Miss’s medical cannabis and dietary supplements master’s program. The program is designed to offer specialized training for individuals seeking career growth in dietary supplements, encompassing herbal products, or medical cannabis. Unlike similar programs, the Ole Miss curriculum focuses more on product design than the application of cannabis products, thus not primarily concentrating on ailments and treatment. “Our emphasis is on equipping students with the skills necessary for success in the industry,” Colby underscored. Leveraging the University of Mississippi’s expertise, he added, “We’re a national leader in dietary supplements and medical cannabis, looking forward to developing a comprehensive curriculum to benefit our students.”
The program operates independently from the university’s on-campus growing facility, focusing on educating and training aspiring industry professionals. It also targets individuals already part of the dietary supplements or medical cannabis industries aiming for career progression. Colby anticipates a primary enrolment from those already partially or fully employed in the industry, seeking career growth.
This master’s program is structured to focus on dietary supplements in the first year and medical marijuana in the second, covering 30 credit hours. Both sections will follow a similar trajectory of historical context and practical application. The second-year medical cannabis component will delve into policy and law, formulation and manufacturing, standardization and chemistry, pharmacy and toxicology, and plant genomics.
Hayley Prescott, Instructional Assistant Professor of Biomolecular Sciences, will instruct the first-year dietary supplements courses, aiming for a robust educational foundation for the workforce. Prescott’s classes intend to dispel misconceptions about dietary and herbal supplements, fostering critical thinking skills among industry participants, thereby nurturing a more informed consumer base.
The legalization of medical cannabis in Mississippi since 2022 has led to a surge in the field’s interest. Colby highlighted that the pharmacy school’s medical marijuana courses see swift enrolment, with up to 50 students waitlisted for a single course.
This master’s degree forms the initial phase of an extensive curriculum focusing on natural products and medical cannabis, addressing the escalating nationwide interest and demand. Amid this growth, numerous institutions are introducing cannabis programs to meet industry requirements. As per the Washington Post, nearly 321,000 Americans were employed in the legal cannabis industry in 2021.
Considering that half of Americans admit to having tried marijuana at some point and 17% claim regular usage, the need for an educated workforce in the industry becomes clear. As the Gallup annual Consumption Habits survey reported, “As marijuana has become more accessible to Americans and legal in an increasing number of states, their reports of use and experimentation have increased as well.”
Learn the chemistry of Cannabis
There are several other universities that offer cannabis-related programs, such as degrees, certificates, or courses. Here are some examples:
Lake Superior State University in Michigan offers a bachelor’s degree in Cannabis Chemistry, which focuses on the quantitative analysis of cannabis-related compounds and contaminants1.
Northern Michigan University in Michigan offers a bachelor’s degree in Medicinal Plant Chemistry, which covers the cultivation, extraction, and analysis of medicinal plants, including cannabis1.
Minot State University in North Dakota offers a bachelor’s degree in Medicinal Plant Chemistry, which also includes courses on hops and brewing, in addition to cannabis1.
City College of San Francisco in California offers an associate degree in Cannabis Studies, which explores the history, culture, and policy of cannabis, as well as its medical and recreational uses2.
Cannabis-based medicines are progressively gaining recognition for their potential in treating an array of conditions, prominently including inflammation and oxidative stress. These two conditions are paramount to human health and often linked to numerous ailments. The former, inflammation, is the immune system’s natural response to injury or infection. However, its chronic presence can be detrimental, leading to a plethora of diseases such as arthritis, heart disease, and even cancer. Oxidative stress, on the other hand, manifests when an imbalance occurs between free radicals and antioxidants in the body – a precarious state that can cause significant cellular damage.
Free radicals, unstable molecules that can adversely affect cells and tissues, are the principal culprits behind this adversity. They possess an unpaired electron in the outermost shell making them highly reactive. This instability leads them to snatch electrons from nearby molecules, wreaking havoc in the body’s biological systems. On the flip side, antioxidants stand as the body’s defense mechanisms against these harmful free radicals. They act as neutralizing agents by offering one of their own electrons to free radicals, mitigating their damaging effects.
While the body has its built-in system to combat these threats, external help often proves beneficial. This is where the role of cannabis-based medicines comes to light. There is a burgeoning body of evidence that suggests these medicines can be effective in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. This is primarily attributed to the plentiful compounds found in cannabis, including cannabinoids and terpenes, both of which showcase anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Cannabinoids are the active compounds in cannabis, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) being the most renowned. THC is infamous for its psychoactive nature, responsible for the “high” feeling associated with cannabis use. However, it also boasts potential medicinal benefits. CBD, in contrast, is a non-psychoactive compound that has shown promising outcomes in multiple medical trials.
Complementing cannabinoids, terpenes, the aromatic compounds found in cannabis and other plants, also possess a multitude of medicinal properties. These include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, among others. They contribute significantly to the plant’s overall therapeutic profile, working synergistically with cannabinoids to enhance their effects – a phenomenon known as the “entourage effect.”
Several studies showcase the efficacy of cannabis-based medicines in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. For instance, a particular study revealed that CBD significantly reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic rats. In another study, THC exhibited effectiveness in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in mice suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. As such, the potential of cannabis-based medicines in addressing these conditions cannot be understated, and further research in this field could uncover more of its therapeutic prowess.
Cannabis-based medicines are generally well-tolerated, but they can cause side effects such as dry mouth, dizziness, and drowsiness. It is important to talk to your doctor before taking cannabis-based medicines, especially if you have any underlying health conditions.
The evidence suggests that cannabis-based medicines may be effective in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. However, more research is needed to confirm their safety and efficacy in humans.
Cannabis-based medicines are indeed becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including inflammation and oxidative stress. Inflammation is a natural response of the body to injury or infection, but chronic inflammation can lead to a number of diseases, such as arthritis, heart disease, and cancer. Oxidative stress is a condition caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells and tissues. Antioxidants are molecules that help to neutralize free radicals 1.
Cannabis contains a number of compounds, including cannabinoids and terpenes, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Cannabinoids are the active compounds in cannabis. The two most well-known cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is the psychoactive compound in cannabis that produces the “high” feeling. CBD is a non-psychoactive compound that has been shown to have a number of medicinal benefits 1.
The esteemed Lancet Neurology journal featured a comprehensive review article in November 2023, providing an in-depth and contemporary evaluation of ongoing research into the use of cannabis-based medicines for pediatric epilepsy. This meticulously composed piece offers an intricate understanding of the current scientific evidence, concluding that cannabis-based medicines could, in certain instances, effectively reduce seizure frequency in epileptic children. However, the authors stress the need for further expansive research to fully validate their safety, efficacy, and long-term benefits.
This persuasive article synthesizes 32 diverse studies, forming a sturdy foundation for their conclusions. The investigative techniques used in these studies range from randomized controlled trials (RCTs)—the apogee of medical research—to open-label trials and detailed case series. A careful examination of the data reveals that RCTs show cannabis-based medicines to have a higher efficacy than a placebo in reducing seizures in pediatric epilepsy. This significant discovery hints at a potential novel treatment pathway for children grappling with this debilitating condition.
However, the authors also highlight the limitations of the RCTs, noting the inadequacy of sample sizes and overall quality of some trials, which could potentially introduce bias and reduce the reliability of the findings. Consequently, the review underscores the importance of further high-quality, large-scale studies. It maintains that, despite the promising potential of cannabis-based medicines, they should not be overly glorified until more confirmatory research is conducted.
Furthermore, the authors find that observational studies suggest an association between cannabis-based medicines and reduction in seizure frequency. However, these studies are subject to confounding factors and therefore cannot definitively ascertain that the medicines were the cause of seizure reduction.
Additionally, the review assesses the safety of cannabis-based medicines, finding them generally well-tolerated albeit capable of causing side effects such as somnolence, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and increased serum aminotransferases. It also flags a potential for drug interactions.
In conclusion, the Lancet Neurology’s review article presents an insightful, balanced perspective on the safety and efficacy of cannabis-based medicines for pediatric epilepsy. It accentuates the potential of these treatments, while simultaneously stressing the necessity for additional rigorous research. The authors recommend cannabis-based medicines for children with epilepsy unresponsive to other treatments, under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.
The authors did a good job of reviewing the current evidence on the use of cannabis-based medicines for the treatment of epilepsy in children. They included a variety of studies in their review, and they discussed the strengths and limitations of each type of study.
The authors’ conclusion that cannabis-based medicines may be effective in reducing seizure frequency in some children with epilepsy, but that more research is needed to confirm their safety and long-term efficacy, is reasonable. The RCTs on this topic have been small and of low quality, but they have generally shown that cannabis-based medicines are more effective than placebo at reducing seizure frequency. The observational studies on this topic have been subject to confounding factors, but they have also shown that cannabis-based medicines are associated with a reduction in seizure frequency in some children with epilepsy.
The authors’ recommendation that cannabis-based medicines should only be used in children with epilepsy who have not responded to other treatments, and that they should be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, is also reasonable. Cannabis-based medicines are still a relatively new treatment for epilepsy, and more research is needed to confirm their safety and long-term efficacy in children.
Overall, the review article is a valuable contribution to the literature on cannabis-based medicines for the treatment of epilepsy in children. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence and highlights the need for further research.
illustration of a cannabis flower, modern design, for the web, cute, happy, 4k, high resolution, trending in artstation
The esteemed Journal of Clinical Psychiatry published an exhaustive review article in November 2023, elucidating the potential use of medical cannabis in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article provides a probing analysis of the prevailing evidence on the matter, offering a nuanced examination for medical professionals and curious readers. Although the extant evidence is somewhat sparse, the authors cautiously reveal a hint of promise for medical cannabis’s potential role in managing PTSD symptoms.
The academic authors conducted a meticulous analysis of a large volume of primary research, scrutinizing 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 28 observational studies. These studies examined the efficacy and applicability of medical cannabis in treating and managing PTSD, a condition afflicting millions worldwide. Despite the significant number of studies reviewed, the RCTs were generally narrow in scope and failed to meet rigorous quality standards. Concurrently, the observational studies were riddled with confounding factors, complicating the process of formulating definitive conclusions.
Despite these constraints, the authors were able to extract several significant findings. The collation of evidence exposed some indication that medical cannabis might alleviate certain PTSD symptoms. In particular, it seemed effective in mitigating nightmares, anxiety, and sleep disturbances – prevalent and debilitating symptoms endured by those grappling with PTSD. This implies a substantial potential breakthrough, given the severe ramifications these symptoms have on the life quality of PTSD sufferers.
Furthermore, the authors underscored the overall tolerability of medical cannabis as a therapeutic avenue. As with all medications, it harbors potential side effects, including dry mouth, dizziness, and drowsiness, which patients should anticipate. They also cautioned against the potential for cannabis dependence, underscoring the risk, especially among high-risk groups. Addiction complications could further exacerbate their existing health struggles, introducing another level of intricacy to the treatment process.
In conclusion, while the current evidence supporting medical cannabis for PTSD treatment is still nascent and somewhat limited, there are encouraging indications. The potential benefits, albeit not yet conclusively proven, imply that this area merits further investigation. The authors hence champion additional research in this domain, accentuating the need for broader, high-quality RCTs. They strongly assert that more rigorous and extensive studies could provide more definitive insights into medical cannabis’s potential role in PTSD treatment.
The authors did a good job of reviewing the current evidence on the use of medical cannabis for the treatment of PTSD. They included both RCTs and observational studies, and they discussed the strengths and limitations of each type of study.
The authors’ conclusion that the evidence is still limited but that there is some promise for the use of medical cannabis in the treatment of PTSD is reasonable. The RCTs on this topic have been small and of low quality, but they have generally shown that medical cannabis is more effective than placebo in reducing some of the symptoms of PTSD.
The authors’ recommendation that further research be conducted on this topic is also reasonable. Large-scale, high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm the safety and efficacy of medical cannabis for the treatment of PTSD.
Overall, the review article is a valuable contribution to the literature on medical cannabis for the treatment of PTSD. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence and highlights the need for further research.
Cannabis doctor and a patient. doctor giving cannabis medication to patient both are smiling
Published in the esteemed Journal of Pain in November 2023, the rigorous research paper “Cannabidiol (CBD) for the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” meticulously evaluated 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These comprehensive studies examined the prospective benefits of CBD, a non-psychotropic component of cannabis, in alleviating chronic pain, a health issue that affects myriad individuals globally.
The study methodically evidenced that CBD significantly mitigates the intensity of chronic pain with a moderate effect size, suggesting its potential in providing substantial relief to those afflicted with incessant pain, thus improving their quality of life. Moreover, CBD was observed positively influencing sleep quality, which is frequently compromised in those grappling with relentless pain. This is paramount, considering that satisfactory sleep is vital for overall health and wellness.
Significantly, the study illuminated a decrease in opioid utilization among chronic pain patients upon CBD application. Given the ongoing opioid crisis and the linked risks of addiction and overdose associated with protracted opioid use, this finding is of high relevance. By offering a possibly less hazardous alternative for pain management, CBD could be a pivotal tool in addressing this momentous public health dilemma.
Following their exhaustive review, the authors confidently asserted that CBD seems to be a safe and effectual remedy for chronic pain. They suggested that CBD could be especially useful for patients who are unable to tolerate other treatments or are unresponsive to alternative interventions, underscoring CBD’s potential as a viable choice for patients with limited pain management options.
The significance of this study’s revelations is profound. They add to the escalating evidence supporting CBD as a potential treatment for chronic pain, a critical public health concern causing significant distress and disability to an extensive segment of the population. The imperative for safe and effective therapeutic strategies is pressing, and CBD emerges as a promising novel alternative for patients combating chronic pain.
Nonetheless, it’s important to recognize that this study was a meta-analysis of RCTs, epitomizing the pinnacle of evidence in scientific research. Despite these promising and consequential findings, it’s necessary to undertake additional research to substantiate the results of this study. This would entail identifying the optimal dosage and formulation of CBD and evaluating its efficacy in managing different forms of chronic pain. Further exploration in this domain is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and practicalities of CBD in the treatment of chronic pain.
The study’s authors concluded that CBD is a safe and effective treatment for chronic pain. They also noted that CBD may be particularly beneficial for patients who are unable to tolerate or who are not responding to other treatments.
The study’s findings are significant because they provide strong evidence for the use of CBD for the treatment of chronic pain. Chronic pain is a major public health problem, and there is a need for safe and effective treatments. CBD is a promising new treatment option for patients with chronic pain.
It is important to note that more research is needed to confirm the findings of the study and to determine the optimal dose and formulation of CBD for the treatment of different types of chronic pain. However, the results of this study are promising and suggest that CBD could be a valuable new treatment option for people with chronic pain.
A new study published in the journal Neuropharmacology found that CBD was effective in reducing psychotic symptoms in mice. The study found that CBD reduced the levels of inflammatory markers in the brain and improved the function of the hippocampus, a region of the brain that is involved in memory and learning.
The study is still in its early stages, but it suggests that CBD could be a promising new treatment for psychosis. Psychosis is a serious mental health condition that can cause delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It is a symptom of a number of mental health disorders, including schizophrenia.
Current treatments for psychosis are often associated with side effects such as weight gain, tardive dyskinesia (a movement disorder), and cognitive impairment. CBD is generally well-tolerated and has a good safety profile.
More research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of CBD for treating psychosis in humans. However, the results of this new study are promising and suggest that CBD could be a valuable new treatment option for people with this condition.
In addition to the study you mentioned, there are a number of other studies that have investigated the potential of CBD for treating psychosis. For example, a study published in the journal Schizophrenia Bulletin found that CBD was effective in reducing positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations.
Another study, published in the journal Neuropsychopharmacology, found that CBD was effective in reducing negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as social withdrawal and apathy.
Overall, the research on CBD for psychosis is still in its early stages, but the results are promising. More research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of CBD for treating psychosis in humans and to determine the optimal dose and formulation. However, CBD is a promising new treatment option for people with psychosis.
While the study is still in its early stages, it suggests that CBD could be a promising new treatment for psychosis. Psychosis is a serious mental health condition that can cause delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It is a symptom of a number of mental health disorders, including schizophrenia.
Overall, the research on CBD for psychosis is still in its early stages, but the results are promising. More research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of CBD for treating psychosis in humans and to determine the optimal dose and formulation. However, CBD is a promising new treatment option for people with psychosis.
It’s 8am on a Tuesday morning when the alarm sounds in the bedroom of Adrienne’s London flat share. As she blinks open her eyes, the 24-year-old account executive tugs at the handle of her bedside cabinet. Beyond the foil of a paracetamol packet and the nozzle of a lavender pillow spray, her fingers feel their way to a tiny white bottle. She presses the pipette, measuring out the correct dose – perfected over months of trial and error –before syringing a few drops of cannabis oil beneath her tongue. It smells like grass and tastes as woody as the moss on a forest floor. She lets the liquid sit for a few moments before throwing off her duvet and hauling herself out of bed ahead of another working day. Who is using medical cannabis? Read the word ‘cannabis’ and you can almost smell the always earthy, sometimes sickly funk. But while even the most health-conscious can recall the furtive tokes of teenage parties, it’s increasingly being used therapeutically. With the peak still years away, one report forecasts that the global medical marijuana market, valued at just shy of $10bn in 2022, will reach $54bn by 2030*. The motivation for taking it to relieve symptoms – rather than to laugh uncontrollably before ordering an extra-large Domino’s with jalapeños – vary. Some use it to soothe the impact of a searing migraine, others to dial down the nausea that accompanies a chemotherapy session, to reduce the likelihood of an epileptic seizure or, like Adrienne, to make the agony of an endometriosis flare-up more manageable. What’s more, there’s a good chance they’re doing so legally. Medical cannabis became legal in the UK – and available for unlicensed prescription through a specialist NHS doctor – in November 2018. If you can get it. And it’s a big ‘if’. From the tiny number of conditions for which the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has now licensed cannabis-based medications to a hesitancy among doctors to write prescriptions, it’s notoriously difficult to access. As a result, much of the spiking demand is either being met by the for-profit medical world or the neighbourhood dealer. Meanwhile, some scientists caution that hype is being used to fuel a nascent market before enough robust data has been gathered. And so, five years on from the legalisation of medical cannabis, who exactly is benefiting? Grass roots Before cannabis oil became an integral part of her morning routine, Adrienne’s endometriosis symptoms would see her often obliterated by five-day flare-ups: bed bound, barely able to eat and struggling to sleep. It was in the wake of her stage 4 diagnosis – the most severe form of the disease – that she turned to medical research. Alongside studies showing cannabis to be an effective intervention for the condition, she found hundreds of testimonials online from sufferers who were using it with some success, legally or otherwise. In September 2022, she found Mamedica, a private medical-cannabis clinic. Today, Adrienne syringes a 0.3ml dose of cannabis oil under her tongue three times a day. (Even if you’ve got a prescription, smoking medical cannabis remains illegal. Instead, it can be vaped or ingested orally via a mouth spray or as a liquid.) Kicking in an hour later, it manifests differently to the high you might associate with a joint. The ambient anxiety of living with a chronic illness is quietened, but her faculties remain. ‘It’s almost like going for a massage,’ she explains. ‘Your body feels relaxed, but your mind is still there. There’s no buzz, no tingle.’ The drug, she says, has been a game changer. It dials down the intense nausea that accompanies her episodic flare-ups, soothes her enough to drift off to sleep and keeps her at a healthy weight by rekindling her appetite when she’s in agony. For anyone living with chronic pain, these effects will sound alluring. But while anecdotal evidence of cannabis’ role in pain management abounds, consistent scientific data is pending. In order to prove that any form of the drug works (strains and strengths differ and there are myriad cannabis-based medicines) and is more effective than a placebo, it must undergo Randomised Control Trials (RCT). The comprehensive analysis is considered the gold standard for scientific evidence, but the expense and complexity involved in studying cannabis means there are only three condition-specific cannabis medications that have been scrutinised sufficiently. Those on the front line of cannabis research are building a picture of how it interacts with the body, though. ‘Cannabis contains a host of chemical compounds called cannabinoids,’ says Amir Englund, a cannabis scientist at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London. How does medical cannabis work in your body? There are more than 140 cannabinoids, most of which we know very little about; the most well known and studied are THC, the substance that makes you feel high, and CBD (cannabidiol), a non-psychoactive ingredient that is found in products from gummies to tampons. The oil Adrienne uses contains both of these compounds, though some cannabis medicines focus purely on CBD. The question of how compounds like these exert an influence on your brain can be answered by looking at the endocannabinoid system. Endocannabinoids are chemical compounds produced by your body that behave similarly to the cannabinoids found in cannabis. These regulate systems in your brain and balance your mood. (Ever felt stoned levels of chill after yoga? Some believe these practices activate your endocannabinoid system.) You also have endocannabinoid receptors; CB1 receptors are mainly located in your central nervous system – your brain, spinal cord and nerve endings– while CB2 receptors are mostly found in your immune cells. When THC binds to these receptors, it produces those wavy feelings. But because endocannabinoids help regulate pain signalling, mood and sleep, says Dr Englund, it’s thought that compounds in cannabis can reduce some symptoms, too. Smoke and mirrors If the way cannabis interacts with the body is opaque, the UK’s legislative landscape is hazier still. Cannabis-based medicines were made legal in November 2018, in response to tireless campaigning from the mothers of two children, Alfie Dingley and Billy Caldwell, living with severe forms of epilepsy. Both had been using cannabis oil, which their families had sourced in countries where it was legal, to drastically reduce, or even halt, the number of seizures they experience. CBD-containing products were legalised, with the caveat that they couldn’t be marketed as medicines. Procuring ‘whole plant’ cannabis products including THC for medicinal use was legalised, too, with medications containing the compound also becoming available for unlicensed prescriptions (in which a medication that has not yet been given a licence by the MHRA is thought by a doctor to be the best shot for treating a condition). To ease a handful of conditions, the MHRA granted licences for three cannabis-based medicines: epidyolex, a form of cannabis oil for two severe, rare forms of epilepsy – including the types the children suffered from; nabilone, a capsule containing a synthetic form of THC, for vomiting and nausea caused by chemotherapy; and sativex, a cannabis-based spray for those with multiple sclerosis-induced muscle spasms and stiffness. This year, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) also recommended epidyolex for seizures linked to tuberous sclerosis complex. While campaigners met the law change with optimism, a disconnect has emerged between anticipated access and reality. In January, data* revealed that 90,000 unlicensed prescriptions for cannabis medicines were issued between November 2018 and July 2022 in England; prescribing an unlicensed medication is legal and common across a range of conditions, as is prescribing off-label – when a specialist prescribes a drug recommended for one condition (say, MS) to treat another (say, migraine). But most of these off-label and unlicensed prescriptions for cannabis medicines came from private clinics, with fewer than five of them being dispensed via the NHS. In the same period, just under 12,000 licensed prescriptions for cannabis-based medicines were prescribed via the NHS. So why are the rates of NHS prescribing so low? Well, if you’re suffering from one of the conditions the MHRA has licensed a medicine for, you’ll need to have tried two conventional treatments first – and gain access to a specialist in your condition who is allowed to prescribe for you. Even then, getting your hands on the medication is challenging: supply chain issues abound (the UK imports its medical cannabis, even though it’s the world’s biggest exporter of marijuana for medical and scientific purposes). If you’re suffering from another condition, the hurdles are greater still – you can only be prescribed a medication either off-label or unlicensed. ‘While doctors are allowed to prescribe unlicensed medications, they take personal responsibility when doing so,’ adds Dr Englund. In the absence of approval from the MHRA, ‘personal responsibility’ involves examining a complex evidence base themselves, then, if they believe the evidence to be convincing enough, monitoring the patient for side effects. As such, he explains, it can put the prescriber at risk of potential legal action should the patient come to harm and the justification for the prescription is said to have been poor – a risk many doctors simply aren’t willing to take. This is where private clinics such as Mamedica have stepped in. As with any form of private healthcare, this one comes at a price. Adrienne pays £155 for her 50ml bottle of cannabis oil, which lasts three to four months. But the average pain patient at Mamedica spends far more: around £200 on medication monthly, on top of an estimated £450 on clinic fees during their first year, which covers a consultation with a specialist and follow-up appointments. (Although an access scheme for those on means-tested benefits and veterans takes this down to a one-off cost of £200.) The prescription isn’t a flat fee, either; the price attached to strains of cannabis and specific formulations vary wildly. While researching this piece, WH came across stories of people at some clinics paying thousands a month – albeit not at Mamedica. ‘You can access cannabis-based medications if you can find a suitable private-sector doctor and you have the money for the charges,’ notes Crispin Blunt MP, chair of the Conservative Drug Policy Reform Group. ‘Or you take your chance on the street, or growing your own medicine.’ The situation, as he sees it? ‘An unfair mess.’ Joint account Desperation. That’s the word Ami* chooses to explain her decision to start sourcing cannabis from a dealer to help manage her debilitating migraine symptoms. The acute attacks saw the consultant, 33, miss birthdays, hen dos and countless days off work, alongside the anxiety of feeling she was letting people down. She uses the drug alongside medications and lifestyle changes (she quit drinking, took up yoga and swapped city living for a small town in Somerset). Her prescription migraine medication works half the time. When it doesn’t, she takes a few puffs on a small joint. ‘Really, what I need to do when I’ve got a migraine is sleep until it stops – and sometimes the pain is so bad that I can’t,’ she says. ‘So, helping me sleep through it is amazing; helping me feel less nauseous is amazing. I’ll still have a headache, but I’ll feel more comfortable and more relaxed in it. And I’ll be able to take care of myself a bit more, rather than just writhing around in pain.’ The dose is key – taking too much can amplify the dizziness and nausea she experiences – and while she could afford to go private, the cost is just one deterrent; fear of judgment for turning to cannabis – even legally – is another. Instead, she sends a text to a number she got off a friend. Hours later, it’s at her front door. Ami isn’t an anomaly. A 2022 YouGov survey estimated that 1.8 million people in the UK are sourcing cannabis illegally to relieve a range of mental and physical health conditions. While it isn’t known how many of these people are women, research consistently shows that females are more likely to suffer with chronic pain. And for women sourcing weed on the street, safety is, inevitably, a concern – meeting a stranger or climbing into an unknown car being riskier for women than men. But it isn’t the only concern in cannabis procured on the street; levels of psychoactive THC can vary. How can cannabis be harmful? For a 2020 study by the Addiction and Mental Health Group at the University of Bath, researchers investigated concentrations of THC in over 80,000 street samples collected across seven countries, including the UK. In herbal cannabis, they found that THC concentrations by weight increased by 14% between 1970 and 2017, which, according to the researchers, represented an increased risk of harm to users. Such findings are particularly troubling in the context of emerging evidence linking THC at high doses with psychosis. ‘In a large European study we found that a possible side effect of cannabis with over 10% THC for some users is developing a psychotic illness,’ says Marta Di Forti, a psychiatrist and leading expert on cannabis and psychosis at King ’s College London, who tells WH she sees people like this in her clinic every week. The individuals who come to her are young adults – the vast majority of whom have been smoking illegally sourced weed recreationally on a daily basis, often since their early teens – but as some within the industry rhapsodise about cannabis’s potential, concerns about side effects cannot be ignored. Compound interest All the experts WH interviewed for this piece agreed that, five years on from this legislation, the situation is unclear. ‘The difficulty patients experience in accessing cannabis-based medicinal products is quite alarming,’ says Blunt, who adds the caveat that the onus is on NICE – together with the MHRA – to educate doctors on prescribing practices and to license products. While the former is straight forward, the latter is more of a challenge; the Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) needed for licensing are, he notes, ‘notoriously expensive’. ‘The government has allocated some money towards [medical cannabis] research, but more is always welcome,’ says Dr Englund, stressing the need for slow, careful science. ‘We can’t exempt cannabis from the rigorous scientific testing we require from all potential new medicines. The regulations ensure that we understand how effective medicines are and the possible side effects.’ As for the potential of some cannabis-based medications? He’s optimistic, but cautiously so. ‘It’s not a panacea for all human ills.’ This polarisation of views on the issue is one Dr Di Forti rejects, too. ‘I think that for the same reason that cannabis can cause psychosis, it can be used for therapeutic reasons.’ Any medicine has side effects, she says, giving the example of chemotherapy – a treatment with a litany of negative reactions, but which few people would turn down. ‘[With cannabis], the difference between keeping you safe and causing you harm is knowing what[side effects] to look for, making sure you’re careful with the dose and identifying groups who are more likely to develop side effects[people with a family or personal history of conditions such as schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders and those under 18].’ It’s not always the case that every person in these groups can’t take the drug, she adds, but that they would need close monitoring from a psychiatrist and be made aware of the risk. The future of medical cannabis in the UK is murky. As it stands, the private sector is poised to soar, while the NHS continues to stagnate in a labyrinth of prescribing blocks. Without funding for the lengthy and expensive trials necessary before medical regulators are able to recommend cannabis-based medicines for more conditions, the two-tier system will only become more pronounced. More still might seek their dose via the unregulated illegal market, where quality issues abound – and the risk of criminal prosecution is real. But while concerns about the triggering of mental health issues are valid, there’s clearly potential in that grassy vegetation. What’s alarming is that, without serious change, only those in the green stand to benefit.
Review
The article mentions the difficulties in obtaining prescriptions for medical cannabis from the NHS, which may be due to the requirement for patients to have tried conventional treatments first. As a result, private clinics like Mamedica have emerged to provide these treatments, albeit at a cost.
Ami’s story highlights how some individuals resort to sourcing cannabis on the street to manage their conditions, despite concerns about safety and the varying levels of psychoactive THC in street-bought cannabis.
The article also touches on the need for more rigorous scientific research, including Randomised Control Trials (RCTs), to establish the efficacy of various cannabis-based medications and better understand their potential side effects.
It’s clear that the medical cannabis landscape in the UK is complex and evolving, with both challenges and potential benefits. Access, research, and regulation are all important aspects to consider as medical cannabis use continues to grow.
You might be interested in learning more about medical cannabis and its various uses. Speaking of medical cannabis, you might be interested in the Wikipedia article on medical cannabis. This article provides comprehensive information about the benefits, uses, and potential side effects of medical cannabis. Additionally, if you want to understand the current medical cannabis landscape in the UK, the Wikipedia article on the legal and medical status of cannabis can provide valuable insights. It delves into the regulations, challenges, and potential benefits associated with medical cannabis
In January 2023, the highly esteemed JAMA Network Open journal unveiled a significant and groundbreaking study that effectively showcased the promising potential of medical cannabis as a viable treatment measure for patients suffering from chronic low back pain. This meticulous research was based on an extensive examination of a total of 249 patients who, until then, had proven unresponsive to other conventional and alternative treatment methods.
The patient group taking part in the research was carefully chosen to represent a diverse range of ages, ethnicities, and health backgrounds, thereby ensuring that the results of the study would be broadly applicable. These patients were then separated into two groups in a carefully randomized manner. Over the course of a three-month period, one group was administered medical cannabis, while the other received a harmless placebo as a control measure.
The study’s results were striking, demonstrating a significantly higher level of pain reduction in the group of patients who had been treated with medical cannabis. In contrast, the group administered the placebo showed no such dramatic signs of improvement. Furthermore, those treated with medical cannabis also demonstrated considerable enhancements in their overall functionality, implying a potential restoration of their normal day-to-day activities that had previously been hindered due to their pain.
Importantly, the research findings indicated that medical cannabis was well-tolerated among the patients, with only a minimal number of side effects reported. These side effects were typically mild and non-threatening, demonstrating the relatively safe nature of medical cannabis usage within a controlled, clinical setting.
This ground-breaking research adds considerably to the rapidly growing body of evidence that underscores the effectiveness of medical cannabis as a potential treatment option for chronic low back pain. It is a significant contribution to the field of pain management, offering a new avenue of hope for the countless patients who suffer from this debilitating condition.
However, these promising results are only the beginning. As the authors of the study emphasized, more research is needed to further validate these findings and to delve deeper into the specific mechanisms through which medical cannabis works to alleviate pain and enhance functionality. This could potentially unveil new insights into the complex relationship between the human body and pain management, leading to the development of even more effective treatment methods.
The recent advancements in medical cannabis research are a beacon of hope for those in the medical community and patients alike. The increasing body of evidence supporting its efficacy in treating a wide variety of medical conditions, particularly chronic low back pain, is a testament to its potential as a safe and effective treatment option. The future looks promising, with the anticipation of more comprehensive studies that will undoubtedly further our understanding of medical cannabis’s healing properties, cementing its place in modern medicine.
Medical cannabis for chronic pain | The BMJ: This is an editorial that discusses the linked clinical guidance by Busse and colleagues, which offers a weak recommendation for a trial of non-inhaled medical cannabis for the treatment of chronic pain. The editorial also highlights the need for more research on this topic.
Medical cannabis (cannabis oil) – NHS: This is a webpage that provides general information about medical cannabis, its availability, and its potential benefits and risks. It also explains the difference between medical cannabis and CBD oil or hemp oil, which are legal to buy as food supplements.
Medical Marijuana for Back Pain: Relief May Be Possible – Veriheal: This is an article that summarizes some of the evidence supporting cannabis for chronic pain, especially back pain. It also gives some tips on how to use cannabis safely and effectively for pain relief.
Medical marijuana found effective in reducing chronic lower-back pain …: This is a news report that covers an Israeli study that found that medical cannabis can significantly ease lower-back pain, but that not all types of marijuana do the job. The study compared different strains of cannabis and their effects on pain and quality of life.
Chronic Back Pain and Cannabis | What The Research Says – Arrowhead Clinic: This is a blog post that reviews some of the studies that have examined the use of cannabis for chronic back pain. It also discusses some of the possible mechanisms through which cannabis works to alleviate pain and inflammation.
