https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12660271/Families-forced-smuggle-life-saving-cannabis-oil-children-epilepsy-amid-shortages-life-saver-UK.html

In the United Kingdom, an increasing number of parents are resorting to drastic measures to obtain life-saving cannabis oil for their children suffering from severe forms of epilepsy. This is due to a shortage of the substance, which was legalized in the country back in 2018. Disturbed but determined, these parents are now securing cannabis oil illegally to safeguard their children who are at a high risk of experiencing potentially fatal epileptic seizures. Two families have bravely come forward and shared their experiences, revealing that they were forced to travel all the way to Holland to source and illicitly import the sought-after oil. This drastic step was taken due to the inability of a local UK pharmacy, which was initially fulfilling their private prescriptions, to meet the escalating demand for the treatment. One of these individuals is Graham Levy, a 64-year-old father, who stated unabashedly, and without any fear of possible arrest, that he would do absolutely anything to keep his 29-year-old daughter, Fallon, alive. Even if that required him to take on the dangerous, illegal role of an ‘international drug smuggler’. Similarly, Joanne Griffiths found herself in the same predicament this week, compelled to travel to Holland to secure medicinal cannabis for her severely epileptic son, Ben. This was due to the ongoing supply issues that have plagued the UK for some time now. The controversy surrounding the accessibility, or lack thereof, of medicinal cannabis in the UK is expected to amplify in the coming days. The decision to legalize the substance was largely triggered by highly-publicized cases of two young boys – Billy Caldwell aged 12, and Alfie Dingley aged 6. It was the stories of these boys that made headlines – their families were able to acquire medicinal cannabis oil from overseas, which in turn significantly reduced the frequency of their seizures. Regrettably, five years post this legalization, many other families are feeling overlooked and neglected as the medicine remains largely out of reach on the National Health Service (NHS). In their desperation, these parents are spending an exorbitant amount of around £2,000 a month on private prescriptions. Target Pharmacy, the only organization in the UK with a Home Office license to produce and distribute oils from the Dutch company Bedrocan, is struggling to meet this rising demand. Parents have been notified via email that the items are currently out of stock, with no hint of when the next batch will arrive. For parents like Mr. Levy, whose daughter is battling Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a severe form of epilepsy, securing regular supplies of this vital medication is a matter of life and death. The medication has drastically reduced Fallon’s seizures from an alarming 300 a month to approximately ten. The Levy family and Ms. Griffiths are not alone in their struggle. They symbolize many others who have been pushed into extreme measures due to the ongoing delays and the urgent need for wider availability of medicinal cannabis for all severely epileptic children on the NHS. It’s a situation that highlights a major healthcare crisis – one that is becoming more apparent with each passing day.

Families in the UK are smuggling cannabis oil into the country to treat their children’s epilepsy, due to shortages of the drug.

Cannabis oil, a potent and beneficial substance, has been scientifically proven to be effective in reducing seizures in children suffering from epilepsy. This is particularly true for those young patients who have shown to be resistant to other forms of treatment. Despite the promising research behind it, its recognition and acceptance remain a topic of debate within the medical community, primarily due to the legal restrictions that surround its use, particularly in the United Kingdom. Derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, the oil is rich in cannabinoids – the active compounds responsible for the plant’s therapeutic effects. Among these compounds, two of the most well-known are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which is psychoactive, and CBD (cannabidiol), which isn’t. The primary ingredient of medical cannabis oil, CBD is the cannabinoid most associated with epilepsy treatment. Studies have shown that CBD-enriched cannabis oil has a substantial effect on reducing both the frequency and severity of seizures, making it a potential game-changer for those battling with drug-resistant epilepsy. For children who suffer from severe forms of epilepsy, the standard treatment usually involves a cocktail of potent pharmaceutical drugs. However, for some, these treatments prove ineffective, and the side effects can often be as debilitating as the disease itself. It is such cases that cannabis oil can be particularly helpful. Anecdotal reports suggest that cannabis oil not only reduces the frequency of seizures but also improves mood, alertness, and sleep quality, which can significantly enhance the child’s overall quality of life. Despite the promising medical benefits of cannabis oil, it is not currently licensed for medical use in the United Kingdom. This, of course, presents a significant hurdle for those who wish to use it as a treatment option. The British government classifies cannabis as a Schedule 1 drug, which means it’s considered to have no therapeutic value and a high potential for abuse. Because of this classification, it’s challenging to obtain cannabis oil for medical purposes, even if it’s specifically CBD-enriched, which lacks the psychoactive effects associated with recreational cannabis use. This situation is the subject of ongoing debate, as medical professionals and advocates argue for a reevaluation of cannabis’ legal status in light of recent research. However, the process of altering drug laws is complicated and slow, involving a careful balancing act between potential benefits and possible risks. As such, while the wheels of change are turning, they are doing so at a slow pace. Even though the use of cannabis oil for treating epilepsy shows substantial potential, as it stands now in the UK, obtaining it legally is a frustrating and complex process. Individuals needing this treatment are often left navigating a grey area of legislation, making the journey to get effective relief an uphill battle. However, with the shifting global perspective on cannabis and its medicinal uses, there is hope that the legal barriers around cannabis oil will eventually be broken down, allowing more accessible treatment options for those with epilepsy and other conditions.

In an era of rapidly evolving medical advancements, families across the globe find themselves in a dire struggle to secure the best possible treatment options for their children. Some of these families, driven by desperation and an overwhelming need to provide relief and comfort to their ailing children, have been resorting to a rather unconventional and controversial method — smuggling cannabis oil into the country. This predicament is by no means an easy one. These families are tearing through the fabric of the law, knowingly risking criminal charges and potential imprisonment. However, they are propelled by the conviction that they simply have no alternative. With their backs against the wall, they are willing to traverse the uncertain path of illegality to help their children. Cannabis oil, a product of the marijuana plant, has been touted for its potential medicinal properties. Some studies suggest that it could offer relief for a variety of conditions, ranging from chronic pain and inflammation to anxiety and even some types of epilepsy. The anecdotal success stories of parents administering cannabis oil to their children suffering from debilitating medical conditions have fueled a sense of hope among these desperate families. They are betting on the possibility that this controversial substance could hold the key to alleviating their children’s suffering. However, despite the promising potential of cannabis oil, the legality of its use and possession varies greatly from country to country, and often even within different regions of the same nation. In many places, it remains a strictly controlled substance, and the act of smuggling it could be met with harsh legal repercussions. These families, therefore, find themselves stuck in a precarious balancing act between the law and their children’s health. This pressing issue leaves these families in an intensely difficult and emotionally charged situation. On one hand, they are driven by the primal instinct of a parent to protect their child from pain and suffering. On the other hand, they are painfully aware of their illegitimate actions and its potential consequences. They live under the constant shadow of fear, knowing that they are breaking the law, yet they feel compelled to continue their actions, believing they have no other choice left. For these families, it’s an agonizingly complex ethical conundrum. As they navigate through the murky waters of this issue, they find themselves locked in a constant tug of war between their desperation to help their children and their need to abide by the law. The fear of legal consequences is constantly at odds with their fervent hope of improving their children’s quality of life. This complex situation has left these families caught in a desperate and painful predicament, where they are left with no other choice but to risk everything for the chance to help their children.

It is a crucial necessity for the government to actively turn their attention towards and significantly increase their support for families that are in desperate need. One particular area of concern is the access to cannabis oil, a substance that holds potential life-saving properties for individuals who suffer from certain health conditions. The government must recognize and act upon the fact that cannabis oil offers a viable and valuable option for those whose other medical alternatives have proven ineffective. Cannabis oil, extracted from the marijuana plant, is known for its therapeutic effects, especially in relieving chronic pain and managing severe epilepsy. Studies have shown that it can also assist with other conditions such as multiple sclerosis and arthritis. As such, it has the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for those who struggle with these health challenges daily. Despite this, the current legislation in many jurisdictions severely limits the accessibility of cannabis oil to those who need it most. This situation calls for a concerted effort by the state to ensure that these families, who are often already overwhelmed by the difficult circumstances they face, do not have to navigate through additional bureaucratic hurdles to obtain a substance that could potentially offer them some respite. While the government has a responsibility to regulate substances to ensure they are used safely and responsibly, it is equally critical to ensure that these regulations do not prevent those in genuine need from accessing potentially life-altering treatment. Furthermore, the government needs to consider a thorough review and reform of the existing laws surrounding the access to and use of cannabis oil. The current legislation creates a myriad of challenges for patients and their families, including but not limited to expensive costs, limited supply, and a lack of providers. It is crucial for lawmakers to reevaluate these laws with a view to making it easier for families to gain access to this life-saving drug. Such changes may include developing a more streamlined process for obtaining medical cannabis prescriptions, increasing the number of licensed providers, or even reconsidering the classification of cannabis to reflect its medical use. These changes should be underpinned by robust scientific research and should always consider the potential risks and benefits to ensure the best outcome for patients. In conclusion, the government’s role must extend beyond simply acknowledging the need for increased access to cannabis oil. It must take proactive measures to support these families in their time of need and actively seek to make cannabis oil readily available to those who require it. This will involve a comprehensive review of the law, involving all relevant stakeholders, with the ultimate aim of enabling easier access to this drug that could immensely improve, and potentially save, many lives. This is a matter of pressing concern that requires immediate attention and action.

Medical cannabis has been legal in the UK since November 2018, but access to this medicinal treatment remains limited. Over the years, more products and strains have become available to patients, primarily as prescribed by specialist doctors for conditions that conventional treatments haven’t helped. Here are some of the medical cannabis strains available in the UK: 1. Bedrocan: This is one of the most well-known medical cannabis strains globally, originating from the Netherlands. It contains a high concentration of THC (22%) and is often used to treat conditions such as chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, and Tourette’s syndrome. 2. Bediol: This strain is also produced by Bedrocan. It has a balanced content of THC and CBD, which makes it suitable for patients who respond well to both cannabinoids. This strain is often prescribed for pain relief, anxiety, and fibromyalgia. 3. Bedrolite: Another strain from Bedrocan, Bedrolite is high in CBD (9%) and low in THC (less than 1%), making it ideal for patients who benefit from CBD’s therapeutic effects without experiencing the psychoactive effects of THC. This strain is used for epilepsy and inflammation. 4. Sativex: This is a mouth spray that combines THC and CBD. It’s the first cannabis-based medicine to be licensed in the UK and is primarily used for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. 5. Epidyolex: This is CBD-based epilepsy medication approved by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for use in the NHS. It’s used specifically to treat seizures in two rare and severe types of epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome. 6. Tilray 2:100: This is a high CBD, low THC oil often used for children with epilepsy. CBD has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in various forms of childhood epilepsy. It’s essential to note that medical cannabis should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider. While this list provides some of the medical cannabis strains available in the UK, it’s not exhaustive, and availability can vary depending on individual patient needs and regulatory changes.

1. Tilray T22 Gamma-Irradiated THC Flower: This hybrid strain has a THC content of 22% and is priced at £5.00/g ¹.
2. Tilray T9:C9 Gamma-Irradiated THC/CBD Flower: This indica hybrid strain has a THC and CBD content of 9% each and is priced at £5.00/g ¹.
3. Adven EMT-1 T19 Beta-Irradiated THC Flower: This indica hybrid strain has a THC content of 19% and is priced at £5.50/g ¹.
4. Adven EMT-3 T20 Beta-Irradiated THC Flower: This sativa hybrid strain has a THC content of 20% and is priced at £5.50/g ¹.
5. Adven Cura-9 T17-19 Beta-Irradiated THC Flower: This hybrid strain has a THC content of 17-19% and is priced at £5.50/g ¹.

Learn more:

1. medbud.wiki2. plantsofmerit.org3. leafly.com4. 10buds.com

1. Bediol: This sativa-dominant hybrid strain has a THC and CBD content of 6% each and is priced at £7.50/g ¹.
2. Bedrocan: This sativa-dominant hybrid strain has a THC content of 22% and is priced at £12.00/g ¹.
3. Bedrobinol: This indica-dominant hybrid strain has a THC content of 14% and is priced at £12.00/g ¹.
4. Bedica: This indica-dominant hybrid strain has a THC content of 14% and is priced at £7.50/g ¹.
5. Bedrolite: This sativa-dominant hybrid strain has a CBD content of 9% and is priced at £12.00/g ¹.
6. Cannatonic: This hybrid strain has a CBD content of 6-17% and a THC content of 6-7% ².

• Published: September 6, 2023
• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290549

Aims

In Australia, individuals suffering from chronic health conditions, which do not seem to respond to standard forms of treatment, now have the option to access medicinal cannabis (MC) through valid prescriptions provided by medical practitioners. This alternative form of treatment, which once was only accessible through specific channels or in certain regions, now brings hope to patients across the country experiencing chronic conditions. With the proliferation of medicinal cannabis, we aimed to study the various effects it may have on these patients, particularly in relation to their overall health-related quality of life (HRQL). This study’s primary objective was to analyze and assess the overall health-related quality of life in a broad, real-world sample of patients who have been prescribed medicinal cannabis. It is critical to understand how medicinal cannabis influences HRQL, as it can provide a comprehensive picture of a patient’s well-being, capturing the physical, psychological, and social domains of health. Many patients with chronic illnesses suffer a lower HRQL, and if medicinal cannabis can improve this, it could hold significant implications for future treatment strategies. In addition to the HRQL, we also aimed to measure the impact of medicinal cannabis on various other aspects that directly influence the quality of life for patients. These included pain, fatigue, sleep, anxiety, and depression. Chronic pain and fatigue are two of the most debilitating symptoms that patients with chronic conditions often face. These symptoms can negatively affect all aspects of a person’s life, including their ability to work, socialize, and perform daily tasks. Therefore, understanding the effects of medicinal cannabis on these symptoms could provide critical insights into its potential therapeutic benefits. Sleep disturbances are also common among individuals suffering from chronic health conditions, which can further exacerbate the severity of other symptoms and negatively affect the overall quality of life. As such, we aimed to investigate the impact of medicinal cannabis on sleep patterns among the sample population. Similarly, anxiety and depression are prevalent mental health conditions found in patients with chronic illnesses. These mental health conditions can significantly affect patients’ quality of life and can also contribute to the worsening of physical symptoms. Therefore, we sought to explore the impact of medicinal cannabis on symptoms of anxiety and depression. Our hypothesis was that all the patient-reported outcomes (PROs)—from the overall health quality to the specific aspects mentioned above—would demonstrate an improvement from baseline to the 3-month mark following the commencement of medicinal cannabis treatment. We believed that this particular treatment approach could potentially offer an effective solution to manage the symptoms associated with chronic health conditions. In other words, we postulated that medicinal cannabis could significantly enhance overall well-being and improve the quality of life for patients dealing with chronic health conditions. This research could provide valuable insights and contribute to the expanding body of knowledge surrounding medicinal cannabis use and its effects on patients. Our aim was not only to verify the efficacy of medicinal cannabis but also to provide reliable, empirical data that could potentially shape future healthcare policies and treatment strategies.

Methods

The Quality Examination of Understanding Short-Term Outcomes with Medicinal Cannabis Therapy (QUEST) Initiative is a large, ambitious and comprehensive prospective multicenter study established to examine patients suffering from any chronic health condition. These patients were newly prescribed medicinal cannabis between November 2020 and December 2021. The study, propelled by a commitment to rigorous scientific investigation, is emblematic of an emerging trend in medical research seeking to understand the potential benefits and risks associated with the therapeutic usage of cannabis. The study’s population was composed of eligible patients identified by a network of 120 clinicians working at medical centers spread across six Australian states. These states included New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania. The team of clinicians was dedicated and diverse, comprising general practitioners, specialists, and nurse practitioners who had well-established relationships with their patients, ensuring a high level of trust and communication. Before starting therapy, consenting participants completed a range of carefully selected questionnaires aimed at capturing a comprehensive picture of their health status and quality of life. The questionnaires were administered at various stages of the study, including prior to the initiation of therapy, at the 2-weeks titration period, and then on a monthly basis for the subsequent 3-months. This systematic approach allowed for a detailed and dynamic understanding of the impact of medicinal cannabis on the patients’ health over time. The questionnaires used in the study included the EuroQol Group EQ-5D-5L health status questionnaire, a widely respected instrument designed to provide a simple, generic measure of health for clinical and economic appraisal. This questionnaire assesses patients’ self-perception of their health status across five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Beyond the EuroQol Group questionnaire, participants also completed the European Organization for Research & Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life questionnaire, known as the EORTC QLQ-C30. This specific instrument has been developed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients, focusing on issues such as physical functioning, role functioning, emotional functioning, cognitive functioning, and social functioning. Further complementing these data collection tools were the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Short Forms in Fatigue and Sleep Disturbance, as well as the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). The PROMIS assessments were implemented to gauge the patients’ levels of fatigue and sleep disturbance, two common symptoms often associated with chronic health conditions. Similarly, the DASS-21 served to help the study capture evidence-based measures of depression, anxiety, and stress, thereby providing a comprehensive mental health profile of the participants before and after the administration of medicinal cannabis. In conclusion, the QUEST Initiative is an expansive scientific endeavor aiming to contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding medicinal cannabis. By meticulously tracking patients’ experiences over time, the study hopes to provide invaluable insights that could ultimately shape future practices and policies related to medicinal cannabis usage.

Results

The study in question involved the voluntary participation of 2762 individuals. The demographic of participant ages was broad, with the youngest participant at the threshold of adulthood at 18, and the eldest participant nearing a century at 97 years old. The average age of the participants, or the mean, was 51 years. The standard deviation, a regularly used statistical tool that measures the dispersion of values within a data set, was 15.4 years. This data suggests a wide-ranging age group, a factor that was intentional to enable a more comprehensive understanding and representation of the plethora of issues faced by different age demographics in relation to the study’s focus. Taking into consideration the gender distribution among participants, females significantly dominated, making up precisely 62.8% of the total. This majority of female participants serves to highlight their readiness to actively engage in such surveys, thereby contributing significantly to the collective understanding of the health-related quality of life (HRQL), a measure of the impact of health status on quality of life. The study also collated information about the conditions the participants were being treated for. Chronic pain emerged as the most recurrent, plaguing 1598 out of the 2327 participants who successfully completed the survey. This substantial segment of participants corresponds to 68.7% of the group. Following chronic pain, insomnia ranked the second most common condition, affecting 534 participants, or 22.9% of the total. Generalized anxiety was another notable condition, reported by 21.5% of the respondents, which equates to 508 individuals. Mixed anxiety and depression were observed in 259 participants, making up 11% of the total. These data points were collected across the entire group of participants. Two paramount indicators of HRQL used in this study were the EQ-5D-5L utility scores and QLQ-C30 summary scores. Both demonstrated a clinically significant improvement from the initial baseline to the average follow-up. The effect size ‘d’, which is a measure of the magnitude of an intervention’s effect, was 0.54 for EQ-5D-5L utility scores, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.47 to 0.59. For QLQ-C30 summary scores, ‘d’ was 0.64, with the confidence interval ranging from 0.58 to 0.70. These results imply a significant enhancement in the HRQL following the interventions introduced in the study. Another remarkable discovery was the clinically significant improvement in fatigue levels. This condition is often reported in chronic illnesses. The recorded effect size for fatigue was 0.54, with a 95% confidence interval from 0.48 to 0.59, indicating successful management of this often debilitating symptom. Within the sub-group of participants enduring chronic pain, there was a clinically meaningful reduction in their pain levels. The effect size for these individuals was 0.65, with a 95% confidence interval from 0.57 to 0.72. Furthermore, participants suffering from moderate to extremely severe anxiety and depression showed significant improvements over the course of the study. This was demonstrated in the chi-square statistics, a statistical test applied to groups of categorical data to evaluate how likely it is that any observed difference arose by chance. The chi-square value for anxiety was 383, with degrees of freedom equal to 4 and a p-value less than 0.001. The same parameters applied for depression, with a chi-square value of 395. This data suggests a notable improvement in mental health conditions among participants. However, despite numerous achievements, no significant alterations were observed in sleep disturbances among the participants. This implies that the interventions applied in this study were ineffective in addressing sleep-related issues. Therefore, it highlights an area for potential future research to explore mechanisms that could manage sleep disturbances more effectively.

Conclusions

In our research, we conducted an intensive observation and discovered remarkable results. We found that there were statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in the overall Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) and fatigue reduction over the initial 3-month period. This was particularly true in patients struggling with various chronic health conditions who were accessing prescribed medical cannabis as part of their ongoing treatment plan. The Health-Related Quality of Life is a multi-dimensional concept that includes domains related to physical, mental, emotional, and social functioning. It goes beyond direct measures of population health, life expectancy, and causes of death, and focuses on the impact health status has on quality of life. In this regard, we noticed a marked improvement in the overall wellbeing of these patients, suggesting that medical cannabis played a considerable role in their improved HRQL. The most notable changes were evident in fatigue levels. Fatigue, a common symptom associated with chronic conditions, often presents a considerable challenge for patients. It can affect every aspect of their life, from work performance to personal relationships. However, in this specific study, we observed considerable reductions in exhaustion levels. This enhanced energy state has profound implications, as it can radically improve patients’ productivity, engagement in social activities, and overall contentment with life. In addition to these significant improvements, we also noticed that anxiety, depression, and pain levels showed a marked reduction over time. These improvements were particularly pronounced for those patients whose chronic health conditions included these symptoms. It is worth noting that conditions such as anxiety, depression, and chronic pain can often be debilitating and limit patients’ ability to lead fulfilled lives. The alleviation of these symptoms through the use of medical cannabis has profound implications, potentially enabling a higher quality of life for those suffering from such conditions. The study did not merely end at these observations. It continues to monitor and follow-up with these patients for a total duration of 12-months. This extended period allows us to determine whether these significant improvements in Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) are maintained long-term. PROs provide valuable insights into a patient’s health state, disease burden, and the effects of treatment, that cannot be captured from a clinician’s perspective. This information is fundamental as it gives us a clearer understanding of how medical cannabis impacts patients’ lives beyond mere symptom control. In conclusion, this study aims to contribute valuable data to the ongoing discussions about the potential benefits of prescribed medical cannabis. The initial findings have been encouraging, showing significant improvements in health-related quality of life, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and pain among patients with chronic health conditions. The continued follow-up will help to determine whether these benefits are sustained over the long term.

Trail registration

Study registration – Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000063819. https://www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au/anzctr/trial/ACTRN12621000063819.

According to a comprehensive report¹, the global market size of cannabis is projected to experience a substantial growth in the coming years. The report anticipates that the market size will expand from a sizable USD 57.18 billion in 2023 to a gargantuan USD 444.34 billion by the year 2030. This impressive growth trajectory translates into a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 34.03% during the forecast period, an indication of an exponential increase in the demand and consumption of cannabis. This report’s findings are corroborated by a second study², which provides a slightly more conservative estimate but still underscores the booming prospects of the cannabis industry. This secondary analysis estimates the global cannabis market size at USD 29.32 billion in 2023. However, this figure is anticipated to more than double over the next five years, reaching a whopping USD 60.01 billion by 2028. Such a robust growth translates into a CAGR of 15.40% during the same period. This expansion is attributed to the growing acceptance of cannabis, its adoption in medical and therapeutic applications, and the wave of countries worldwide decriminalizing or legalizing its use. A third report³, focusing specifically on the U.S., projects another encouraging forecast for the legal cannabis industry. According to its estimates, the U.S. legal cannabis market alone could reach over USD 31.8 billion in annual sales by the end of 2023. By 2028, this figure is predicted to increase significantly to USD 50.7 billion. This surge is largely attributed to the steady trend of states legalizing cannabis for both medical and recreational use, coupled with the mounting public support for cannabis legalization. In a fourth report⁴, the revenue in the cannabis market worldwide is predicted to reach USD 51.27 billion in 2023. This prediction is based on the increasing global trend of cannabis legalization and the growing awareness of its potential benefits in healthcare, cosmetics, and other industries. Consequently, as more regions legalize cannabis, and as its potential benefits become more widely recognized, its worldwide market revenue is predicted to increase significantly. In conclusion, the cannabis industry worldwide is on a significant growth trajectory. Various reports point towards a multifold increase in the global cannabis market size within the next decade. This growth is driven by decriminalization and legalization moves worldwide, growing acceptance, and its increasing application in diverse fields such as healthcare, cosmetics, and therapeutics. Despite different estimates, all reports converge on the consensus that the future growth prospects of the cannabis industry are incredibly promising.

(1) Cannabis Market Size & Growth | Forecast Report [2030]. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/cannabis-marijuana-market-100219.

(2) Cannabis Market – Industry Growth, Research & Statistics. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/cannabis-market.

(3) Despite Some Stumbles, Total Sales In U.S. Cannabis Market … – Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/irisdorbian/2023/02/15/despite-some-stumbles-total-sales-in-us-cannabis-market-could-soar-to-507-billion-by-2028-says-top-researcher/.

(4) Cannabis – Worldwide | Statista Market Forecast. https://www.statista.com/outlook/hmo/cannabis/worldwide.

Factors driving growth of the global cannabis market:

• Legalization: The legalization of cannabis for both medical and recreational use is a major driver of growth in the global cannabis market. In recent years, a number of countries have legalized cannabis, including Canada, Uruguay, and several US states. This has led to a significant increase in the number of people who have access to cannabis, as well as the number of businesses that are involved in the cannabis industry.
• Growing acceptance: There is a growing acceptance of cannabis as a legitimate medicine. This is due in part to the increasing body of research that is demonstrating the potential health benefits of cannabis. For example, cannabis has been shown to be effective in treating a number of conditions, such as chronic pain, epilepsy, and nausea.
• Rising awareness: There is a rising awareness of the potential health benefits of cannabis. This is due in part to the increasing media coverage of cannabis, as well as the growing number of people who are using cannabis for medical purposes.
• Increasing investment: There is increasing investment in the cannabis industry. This is due in part to the potential for the cannabis industry to generate significant profits. For example, the legal cannabis market in the United States is expected to generate US$33.88 billion in revenue in 2023.
• Growing consumer demand: There is a growing consumer demand for cannabis products. This is due in part to the increasing popularity of cannabis, as well as the growing number of people who are using cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes.

Regional trends in the global cannabis market:

• North America: The North American cannabis market is the largest and most mature in the world. The United States is the largest cannabis market in North America, and is expected to generate US$33.88 billion in revenue in 2023. Canada is the second largest cannabis market in North America, and is expected to generate US$5.39 billion in revenue in 2023.
• Europe: The European cannabis market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. Germany is the largest cannabis market in Europe, and is expected to generate US$4.33 billion in revenue in 2023. The United Kingdom is the second largest cannabis market in Europe, and is expected to generate US$2.72 billion in revenue in 2023.
• Asia Pacific: The Asia Pacific cannabis market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. China is the largest cannabis market in Asia Pacific, and is expected to generate US$1.91 billion in revenue in 2023. Australia is the second largest cannabis market in Asia Pacific, and is expected to generate US$1.15 billion in revenue in 2023.
• Latin America: The Latin American cannabis market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. Brazil is the largest cannabis market in Latin America, and is expected to generate US$1.23 billion in revenue in 2023. Mexico is the second largest cannabis market in Latin America, and is expected to generate US$0.98 billion in revenue in 2023.

Key players in the global cannabis market:

• Curaleaf Holdings, Inc.
• Green Thumb Industries Inc.
• Trulieve Cannabis Corp.
• Cresco Labs Inc.
• Canopy Growth Corporation
• Aurora Cannabis Inc.
• Tilray Brands, Inc.
• Cronos Group Inc.
• OrganiGram Holdings Inc.

The future of the global cannabis market:

The global cannabis market is expected to continue to grow rapidly in the coming years. This is due in part to the increasing legalization of cannabis, as well as the growing acceptance of cannabis as a legitimate medicine. The cannabis market is also expected to benefit from the growing consumer demand for cannabis products.

1. Curaleaf Holdings, Inc.: Curaleaf Holdings, Inc. is a cannabis operator in the United States that engages in the cultivation, production, and sale of cannabis products through retail and wholesale channels. It offers flowers, pre-rolls, vaporizer cartridges, concentrates for vaporizing and dabbing, and edibles under various brands. The company was founded in 2010 and is headquartered in New York, New York¹
2. Green Thumb Industries Inc.: Green Thumb Industries is an alternative medicine company that services the cannabis industry through products and dispensaries. It was founded in 2014 and is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois²
3. Trulieve Cannabis Corp.: Trulieve Cannabis Corp., together with its subsidiaries, operates as a medical cannabis company that cultivates and produces products in-house and distributes its products to Trulieve branded stores (dispensaries) in Florida, as well as through home delivery. It produces flowers, edibles, vaporizer cartridges, concentrates, topicals, capsules, tinctures, dissolvable powders, and nasal sprays under various brands. The company was founded in 2015 and is headquartered in Quincy, Florida³
4. Cresco Labs Inc.: Cresco Labs is a cannabis operator in the United States that manufactures a suite of cannabis extracts and vape products. The company is a processor and retailer of cannabis products with operations in six states including Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Nevada, California and Arizona. It was founded in 2013 and is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois⁴
5. Canopy Growth Corporation: Canopy Growth Corporation engages in the production, distribution, and sale of cannabis for recreational and medical purposes primarily in Canada, the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It operates through two segments: Global Cannabis and Other Consumer Products. The company offers dried cannabis flower; oils and concentrates; softgel capsules; and hemps products under various brands such as Tweed, Spectrum Therapeutics, Tokyo Smoke, Twd., DNA Genetics CraftGrow Rooms etc… The company was founded in 2009 and is headquartered in Smiths Falls, Canada⁵
6. Aurora Cannabis Inc.: Aurora Cannabis is a Canadian licensed cannabis producer that cultivates and sells medicinal and recreational cannabis products under various brands such as Aurora Drift etc… The company was founded in 2006 and is headquartered in Edmonton, Canada⁶
7. Tilray Brands Inc.: Tilray Brands is a Canadian pharmaceutical and cannabis company that produces medical cannabis products under various brands such as Aphria etc… The company was founded in 2013 and is headquartered in Nanaimo, Canada.
8. Cronos Group Inc.: Cronos Group is a Canadian diversified cannabis company that produces medical marijuana products under various brands such as Peace Naturals etc… The company was founded in 2013 and is headquartered in Toronto, Canada.
9. OrganiGram Holdings Inc.: OrganiGram Holdings is a Canadian licensed producer of medical marijuana that produces dried flowers under various brands such as Edison Reserve etc… The company was founded in 2013 and is headquartered in Moncton, Canada.

Learn more:

1. finance.yahoo.com2. gtigrows.com3. finance.yahoo.com4. marketscreener.com5. finance.yahoo.com6. curaleaf.com7. bloomberg.com8. crunchbase.com9. wsj.com10. globaldata.com11. pitchbook.com12. investors.trulieve.com13. bing.com14. globaldata.com15. zoominfo.com16. dnb.com17. marketscreener.com18. stockanalysis.com19. datanyze.com20. stockanalysis.com21. globaldata.com22. vault.com23. trulieve.com24. canopygrowth.com— see less

According to the latest data available, the top cannabis companies by market capitalization are:

1. Curaleaf Holdings, Inc.: $2.95 billion ¹
2. Green Thumb Industries Inc.: $2.40 billion ¹
3. Innovative Industrial: $2.20 billion ¹
4. Verano Holdings: $1.59 billion ¹
5. Tilray: $1.51 billion ¹

Learn more:

1. companiesmarketcap.com2. forbes.com3. stash.com4. statista.com

Dalgety, a medical cannabis producer based in Leicestershire, has recently announced a new contract agreement with Grow Pharma and its licensed partner JV Partner IPS Pharma. This partnership will enable the commercial supply of pharmaceutical-grade THC-rich prescription medicines to the UK market ¹². The CEO of Grow Pharma, Pierre van Weperen, said that this collaboration is a positive step towards bringing UK-grown medicines with industry-leading expertise to the pharmaceutical market ¹.

If you’re interested in reading more about cannabis, you can check out Cannabis Health News for the latest news, legislative updates, and industry insights.

Learn more:

1. thebusinessdesk.com2. cannabishealthnews.co.uk3. dalgetyuk.co.uk

Dalgety is a UK-based producer of high-quality pharmaceutical cannabis for distribution to the medical industry. The company was founded in 2016 and is dedicated to the research and development of the highest-grade product, with consistent levels of cannabinoids for prescription medicines. Dalgety’s state-of-the-art facility combines human-led techniques with AI-controlled management for the best growing and processing practices ¹.

Following the UK government’s decision to permit the use of prescription medical cannabis in 2018, Dalgety is ideally positioned as a UK producer for distribution directly to the medical market ¹.

Cannabis has been used as a natural remedy by diverse cultures for over 10,000 years. Scientific study is ongoing into the multiple uses and conditions that cannabinoids can relieve. Only recently has it been possible to identify and extract the individual active ingredients for research to identify any benefits for a wide range of medical conditions ¹.

Dalgety aims to produce consistently high-quality ingredients through environmentally controlled hydroponic growing and pharmaceutical grade manufacturing processes and be recognized as the leading supplier to the medical community ¹.

Learn more:

1. dalgetyuk.co.uk2. dalgetyuk.co.uk3. thecannabispages.com4. cannabishealthnews.co.uk5. thebusinessdesk.com

What is hydroponic growing?

Hydroponic growing is a method of growing plants without soil. Instead, plants are grown in a nutrient-rich water solution ¹. The roots of the plants are suspended in the solution, which is carefully balanced to provide the necessary nutrients for growth ¹. Hydroponic growing can be done indoors or outdoors and is often used to grow crops such as lettuce, tomatoes, and herbs ¹. There are two basic types of hydroponic systems: those requiring aggregates or other porous rooting media to support the plant roots and those not needing aggregates to support the plant roots ¹. The most widely used term for the latter type is nutrient film technique (NFT) ¹. Hydroponic growing has several advantages over traditional soil-based growing, including faster growth rates, higher yields, and more efficient use of resources such as water and fertilizer ².

Learn more:

1. rhs.org.uk2. foodrevolution.org3. weedmaps.com

Dalgety, a leading medical cannabis producer based in the Midlands, United Kingdom, has made a significant announcement that marks a notable development in the field of medical cannabis supply in the country. The reputable company has entered into a strategic contract agreement with Grow Pharma, a well-established cannabis pharmaceutical firm, and its licensed joint venture (JV) partner, IPS Pharma. This remarkable collaboration is poised to revolutionize the accessibility and availability of pharmaceutical-grade, THC-rich prescription medicines within the UK market. Dalgety’s decision to partner with Grow Pharma and IPS Pharma, two recognized names in the field of pharmaceutical cannabis, adds a promising new dimension to their business model. This alliance aims to foster the commercial supply of a specialized category of medicines containing a rich concentration of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a crucial compound found in cannabis. The medicinal properties of THC are increasingly recognized by the medical fraternity, and this venture is set to cater to the growing demand for such prescription drugs. The agreement stands to enable Dalgety, renowned for its commitment to superior quality and assurance in its products, to extend its reach in the pharmaceutical industry. This partnership allows them to tap into the expertise and extensive network of Grow Pharma and IPS Pharma, thereby consolidating its presence in the commercial supply of THC-rich prescription medicines. It’s a significant leap forward in Dalgety’s mission to improve consumer access to reliable, pharmaceutical-grade cannabis. Grow Pharma, on the other hand, stands to benefit from this agreement as well. By entering into a contract with Dalgety, they can expand their product portfolio with a trusted partner, renowned for its high-quality medical cannabis production. This agreement means that Grow Pharma, along with its licensed JV partner, IPS Pharma, will be able to extend their product range to include THC-rich prescription medicines, thereby further enhancing their reputation and appeal in the market. The collaboration between these three entities also signifies a significant development for the wider UK market. The availability of pharmaceutical-grade, THC-rich prescription medicines has been a need for some time now, and with this agreement, it seems the UK market is set to be well catered for. This new contract agreement between Dalgety, Grow Pharma, and IPS Pharma is not merely a business transaction. It is an endeavor to broaden patient access to high-quality, THC-rich medicines, and a commitment to exploiting the therapeutic potential of cannabis for the welfare of the UK population. It mirrors a leap forward in the medical cannabis industry, likely to set the tone for future collaborations and breakthroughs.

In the first month of this year, a landmark event occurred in the rapidly evolving field of medical cannabis. Dalgety, a noted player in the sector, was officially granted a license by the Home Office. This critical legal endorsement didn’t just come from any organization; it was issued by the UK Home Office, a department of the government of the United Kingdom responsible for immigration, security, and law and order. The significance of this cannot be understated. The UK Home Office is a highly respected institution, and their granting of this license to Dalgety only underscores the legitimacy and importance of the company’s work. The license was not for a vague or generic purpose. It specifically permits Dalgety to cultivate and manufacture medical cannabis. But not just any type of medical cannabis. The license explicitly mentions EU-GMP grade medical cannabis, a classification that speaks volumes about the quality and potency of the product. EU-GMP, or European Union Good Manufacturing Practice, is a system for ensuring that products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards. It is designed to minimize the risks involved in any pharmaceutical production that cannot be eliminated through testing the final product. The high standards of EU-GMP grade products make them the preferred choice for medical purposes, ensuring that patients get the very best that the industry has to offer. The specific type of medical cannabis that Dalgety has been permitted to manufacture is high-THC cannabis. Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC is one of the many compounds found in cannabis, and it is primarily responsible for the plant’s psychological effects. The high-THC tag indicates that the cannabis plants to be cultivated by Dalgety will have a particularly high concentration of this compound, making them potentially more effective in treating certain medical conditions. The granting of this license to Dalgety is not just a commercial milestone for the company itself, but also a significant development for the entire medical cannabis industry. It marks a growing recognition of the potential benefits of cannabis and its compounds in the medical field, and opens up exciting new possibilities for research and treatment. Furthermore, the license also means that Dalgety’s facility will become a key hub in the cultivation and production of high THC-medical cannabis. The organization’s infrastructure, research capabilities, and manufacturing prowess will play a crucial role in shaping the landscape of medical cannabis in the future. This development, therefore, represents not just a triumph for Dalgety, but a significant step forward for the entire industry.

After years of anticipation and intense research and development, the company is now on the brink of launching its ground-breaking first product. The much-anticipated debut is scheduled for the end of 2023, a milestone that is anticipated with great eagerness not just by the company’s staff and stakeholders, but also by countless medical practitioners and patients across the UK. This product, heralding a new era in the medical field, will be the first-ever UK-grown cannabis-based medicine available for prescription. This is a significant accomplishment that is expected to reshape healthcare in the country, and potentially, around the world. The introduction of this product will be a groundbreaking feat in the UK’s medical history. Not only is it the first of its kind to be grown and developed within UK borders, but it also represents the culmination of years of scientific research and experimentation, pushing the boundaries of medicine and pharmacology. This pioneering product is the result of the tireless efforts of the company’s dedicated team of scientists, researchers, and medical experts who have been working relentlessly to develop a safe, effective, and reliable cannabis-based medication. However, it’s not just about the scientific achievement. It’s also about the potential benefits for millions of patients who could be aided by this medication. The company’s pioneering cannabis-based medicine is expected to provide tangible health benefits that could significantly improve the quality of life for patients suffering from a variety of conditions. Conditions that have been, until now, inadequately managed with existing treatments. The fact that this is a UK-grown product also has significant implications. It fosters a sense of pride and accomplishment within the country, as it reflects the ability of UK scientists and researchers to be at the cutting edge of medical advancements. Furthermore, being a domestically produced product means less dependency on imports, thus aiding the local economy and potentially creating jobs within the country. The timing of the launch, set for the end of 2023, also gives the company sufficient time to ensure all necessary quality checks and regulations are meticulously adhered to. It also allows time for medical practitioners to familiarize themselves with the new treatment option, and prepare for its integration into their practice. This unprecedented development marks a new chapter in UK’s medical history and is expected to pave the way for further innovation in the field of cannabis-based medicine. The ripple effects of this product release are sure to be felt far beyond the shores of the UK, potentially inspiring similar advancements in other countries. In conclusion, the end of 2023 is set to be a monumental time for the UK’s medical landscape. This momentous occasion marks the arrival of the first UK-grown cannabis-based medicine on the market, a product that is anticipated to be a game-changer for patients and healthcare practitioners alike.

James Leavesley, chief operating officer at Dalgety, said: “We began discussions with Grow more than two years ago and we share its ambition as a leader within the medical cannabis industry. From cultivation and processing, through to patient experience, we’re aligned in our aim of providing the highest quality medicine and service to patients. I’m excited to announce that this agreement has now come to fruition.” 

The United Kingdom’s (UK) medical cannabis market is projected to undergo a substantial growth, with estimates forecasting that it will reach a value exceeding £1 billion by 2026. This development is significant in terms of the potential boost it could offer the UK’s economic growth, creating a new profitable industry within the nation. The medical cannabis industry in the UK is still in its nascent stages, with the full potential of its market yet to be realized. However, the forecast for its growth is highly promising. It is anticipated that the market value will exceed the billion-pound mark within the next five years. This prediction indicates a considerable upsurge, keeping in mind that the industry is still relatively new in the territory. The growth of the medical cannabis market is expected to have a positive impact on the UK’s economy. The burgeoning industry is poised to contribute significantly to the country’s economic growth. The increase in market value implies a surge in trade, which could lead to higher revenues for the government from taxes and duties. It could also result in job creation in the sector, with a range of roles from cultivation to distribution to research, thus reducing unemployment rates and contributing to the overall welfare of the citizens. The potential for growth in this sector is impressive and industry leaders are urging the government to harness this opportunity for the betterment of the UK’s economy. The escalating global acceptance and legalization of medical cannabis could play a pivotal role in encouraging investment in the sector, potentially attracting international stakeholders to invest in the UK’s burgeoning market. In conclusion, the anticipated growth in the UK’s medical cannabis market could have a profound impact on its economy. A market value exceeding £1 billion by 2026 would not only signify the industry’s potential but also its contribution to the nation’s economic growth. As the UK and the world at large continue to navigate the landscape of medical cannabis, this forecast represents a glimpse into a future of significant financial growth and economic stability. The expansion of the medical cannabis market in the UK is not just about a rise in financial figures. It represents a shift in attitudes towards medical cannabis usage, increased acceptance of its therapeutic benefits, and a willingness to invest in research and development for further advancements. The economic benefits are an added advantage that could help boost the country’s overall growth in the coming years. As the industry evolves, it will be fascinating to watch the trends and developments that unfold in the UK’s medical cannabis market.

1. The Guardian reports that there is a lack of clarity over who can access medical cannabis and where they can consume it in the UK ¹.
2. Women’s Health Magazine reports that while prescribing medical cannabis to treat health conditions was technically made legal in 2018, there are still many obstacles to overcome before patients can access it ².
3. Benzinga reports on a recent study that found when states adopt recreational cannabis laws, admissions for mental health treatment drop ³.

If you’re interested in reading more about cannabis, you can check out Cannabis Health News for the latest news, legislative updates, and industry insights.

Learn more:

1. theguardian.com2. womenshealthmag.com3. benzinga.com4. cannabishealthnews.co.uk5. news.sky.com6. medcannatoday.com7. gettyimages.com

So, is anyone actually accessing medical cannabis?

Prescribing the drug to treat health conditions was technically made legal in 2018. But, while some are taking it to soothe the symptoms of issues from endometriosis to migraine, things are far from equalBY CLAUDIA CANAVANUPDATED: 19 OCTOBER 2023

It’s 8am on a Tuesday morning when the alarm sounds in the bedroom of Adrienne’s London flat share. As she blinks open her eyes, the 24-year-old account executive tugs at the handle of her bedside cabinet.

Beyond the foil of a paracetamol packet and the nozzle of a lavender pillow spray, her fingers feel their way to a tiny white bottle. She presses the pipette, measuring out the correct dose – perfected over months of trial and error –before syringing a few drops of cannabis oil beneath her tongue.

It smells like grass and tastes as woody as the moss on a forest floor. She lets the liquid sit for a few moments before throwing off her duvet and hauling herself out of bed ahead of another working day.

Who is using medical cannabis?

Read the word ‘cannabis’ and you can almost smell the always earthy, sometimes sickly funk. But while even the most health-conscious can recall the furtive tokes of teenage parties, it’s increasingly being used therapeutically.

With the peak still years away, one report forecasts that the global medical marijuana market, valued at just shy of $10bn in 2022, will reach $54bn by 2030*.

The motivation for taking it to relieve symptoms – rather than to laugh uncontrollably before ordering an extra-large Domino’s – vary. Some use it to soothe the impact of a searing migraine, others to dial down the nausea that accompanies a chemotherapy session, to reduce the likelihood of an epileptic seizure or, like Adrienne, to make the agony of an endometriosis flare-up more manageable.

What’s more, there’s a good chance they’re doing so legally. Medical cannabis became legal in the UK – and available for unlicensed prescription through a specialist NHS doctor – in November 2018. If you can get it.

And it’s a big ‘if’. From the tiny number of conditions for which the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has now licensed cannabis-based medications to a hesitancy among doctors to write prescriptions, it’s notoriously difficult to access. As a result, much of the spiking demand is either being met by the for-profit medical world or the neighbourhood dealer.

Meanwhile, some scientists caution that hype is being used to fuel a nascent market before enough robust data has been gathered. And so, five years on from the legalisation of medical cannabis, who exactly is benefiting?

Grass roots

Before cannabis oil became an integral part of her morning routine, Adrienne’s endometriosis symptoms would see her often obliterated by five-day flare-ups: bed bound, barely able to eat and struggling to sleep.

It was in the wake of her stage 4 diagnosis – the most severe form of the disease – that she turned to medical research. Alongside studies showing cannabis to be an effective intervention for the condition, she found hundreds of testimonials online from sufferers who were using it with some success, legally or otherwise. In September 2022, she found Mamedica, a private medical-cannabis clinic.

Today, Adrienne syringes a 0.3ml dose of cannabis oil under her tongue three times a day. (Even if you’ve got a prescription, smoking medical cannabis remains illegal. Instead, it can be vaped or ingested orally via a mouth spray or as a liquid.)

Kicking in an hour later, it manifests differently to the high you might associate with a joint. The ambient anxiety of living with a chronic illness is quietened, but her faculties remain.

‘It’s almost like going for a massage,’ she explains. ‘Your body feels relaxed, but your mind is still there. There’s no buzz, no tingle.’ The drug, she says, has been a game changer.

It dials down the intense nausea that accompanies her episodic flare-ups, soothes her enough to drift off to sleep and keeps her at a healthy weight by rekindling her appetite when she’s in agony.

‘Your body feels relaxed, but your mind is still there’

For anyone living with chronic pain, these effects will sound alluring. But while anecdotal evidence of cannabis’ role in pain management abounds, consistent scientific data is pending. In order to prove that any form of the drug works (strains and strengths differ and there are myriad cannabis-based medicines) and is more effective than a placebo, it must undergo Randomised Control Trials (RCT).

The comprehensive analysis is considered the gold standard for scientific evidence, but the expense and complexity involved in studying cannabis means there are only three condition-specific cannabis medications that have been scrutinised sufficiently.

Those on the front line of cannabis research are building a picture of how it interacts with the body, though. ‘Cannabis contains a host of chemical compounds called cannabinoids,’ says Amir Englund, a cannabis scientist at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London.

How does medical cannabis work in your body?

There are more than 140 cannabinoids, most of which we know very little about; the most well known and studied are THC, the substance that makes you feel high, and CBD (cannabidiol), a non-psychoactive ingredient that is found in products from gummies to tampons. The oil Adrienne uses contains both of these compounds, though some cannabis medicines focus purely on CBD.

The question of how compounds like these exert an influence on your brain can be answered by looking at the endocannabinoid system. Endocannabinoids are chemical compounds produced by your body that behave similarly to the cannabinoids found in cannabis.

These regulate systems in your brain and balance your mood. (Ever felt stoned levels of chill after yoga? Some believe these practices activate your endocannabinoid system.) You also have endocannabinoid receptors; CB1 receptors are mainly located in your central nervous system – your brain, spinal cord and nerve endings– while CB2 receptors are mostly found in your immune cells. When THC binds to these receptors, it produces those wavy feelings.

But because endocannabinoids help regulate pain signalling, mood and sleep, says Dr Englund, it’s thought that compounds in cannabis can reduce some symptoms, too.

Smoke and mirrors

If the way cannabis interacts with the body is opaque, the UK’s legislative landscape is hazier still. Cannabis-based medicines were made legal in November 2018, in response to tireless campaigning from the mothers of two children, Alfie Dingley and Billy Caldwell, living with severe forms of epilepsy. Both had been using cannabis oil, which their families had sourced in countries where it was legal, to drastically reduce, or even halt, the number of seizures they experience.

CBD-containing products were legalised, with the caveat that they couldn’t be marketed as medicines. Procuring ‘whole plant’ cannabis products including THC for medicinal use was legalised, too, with medications containing the compound also becoming available for unlicensed prescriptions (in which a medication that has not yet been given a licence by the MHRA is thought by a doctor to be the best shot for treating a condition).

To ease a handful of conditions, the MHRA granted licences for three cannabis-based medicines: epidyolex, a form of cannabis oil for two severe, rare forms of epilepsy – including the types the children suffered from; nabilone, a capsule containing a synthetic form of THC, for vomiting and nausea caused by chemotherapy; and sativex, a cannabis-based spray for those with multiple sclerosis-induced muscle spasms and stiffness.

This year, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) also recommended epidyolex for seizures linked to tuberous sclerosis complex.

While campaigners met the law change with optimism, a disconnect has emerged between anticipated access and reality. In January, data* revealed that 90,000 unlicensed prescriptions for cannabis medicines were issued between November 2018 and July 2022 in England; prescribing an unlicensed medication is legal and common across a range of conditions, as is prescribing off-label – when a specialist prescribes a drug recommended for one condition (say, MS) to treat another (say, migraine).

But most of these off-label and unlicensed prescriptions for cannabis medicines came from private clinics, with fewer than five of them being dispensed via the NHS. In the same period, just under 12,000 licensed prescriptions for cannabis-based medicines were prescribed via the NHS.

So why are the rates of NHS prescribing so low? Well, if you’re suffering from one of the conditions the MHRA has licensed a medicine for, you’ll need to have tried two conventional treatments first – and gain access to a specialist in your condition who is allowed to prescribe for you.

Even then, getting your hands on the medication is challenging: supply chain issues abound (the UK imports its medical cannabis, even though it’s the world’s biggest exporter of marijuana for medical and scientific purposes). If you’re suffering from another condition, the hurdles are greater still – you can only be prescribed a medication either off-label or unlicensed.

‘While doctors are allowed to prescribe unlicensed medications, they take personal responsibility when doing so,’ adds Dr Englund. In the absence of approval from the MHRA, ‘personal responsibility’ involves examining a complex evidence base themselves, then, if they believe the evidence to be convincing enough, monitoring
the patient for side effects.

‘While doctors are allowed to prescribe unlicensed medications, they take personal responsibility when doing so’

As such, he explains, it can put the prescriber at risk of potential legal action should the patient come to harm and the justification for the prescription is said to have been poor – a risk many doctors simply aren’t willing to take.

This is where private clinics such as Mamedica have stepped in. As with any form of private healthcare, this one comes at a price. Adrienne pays £155 for her 50ml bottle of cannabis oil, which lasts three to four months.

But the average pain patient at Mamedica spends far more: around £200 on medication monthly, on top of an estimated £450 on clinic fees during their first year, which covers a consultation with a specialist and follow-up appointments. (Although an access scheme for those on means-tested benefits and veterans takes this down to a one-off cost of £200.)

The prescription isn’t a flat fee, either; the price attached to strains of cannabis and specific formulations vary wildly. While researching this piece, WH came across stories of people at some clinics paying thousands a month – albeit not at Mamedica.

‘You can access cannabis-based medications if you can find a suitable private-sector doctor and you have the money for the charges,’ notes Crispin Blunt MP, chair of the Conservative Drug Policy Reform Group. ‘Or you take your chance on the street, or growing your own medicine.’ The situation, as he sees it? ‘An unfair mess.’

Joint account

Desperation. That’s the word Ami* chooses to explain her decision to start sourcing cannabis from a dealer to help manage her debilitating migraine symptoms. The acute attacks saw the consultant, 33, miss birthdays, hen dos and countless days off work, alongside the anxiety of feeling she was letting people down.

She uses the drug alongside medications and lifestyle changes (she quit drinking, took up yoga and swapped city living for a small town in Somerset). Her prescription migraine medication works half the time. When it doesn’t, she takes a few puffs on a small joint.

‘Really, what I need to do when I’ve got a migraine is sleep until it stops – and sometimes the pain is so bad that I can’t,’ she says. ‘So, helping me sleep through it is amazing; helping me feel less nauseous is amazing. I’ll still have a headache, but I’ll feel more comfortable and more relaxed in it. And I’ll be able to take care of myself a bit more, rather than just writhing around in pain.’

‘I’ll still have a headache, but I’ll feel more comfortable and more relaxed in it’

The dose is key – taking too much can amplify the dizziness and nausea she experiences – and while she could afford to go private, the cost is just one deterrent; fear of judgment for turning to cannabis – even legally – is another. Instead, she sends a text to a number she got off a friend. Hours later, it’s at her front door.

Ami isn’t an anomaly. A 2022 YouGov survey estimated that 1.8 million people in the UK are sourcing cannabis illegally to relieve a range of mental and physical health conditions. While it isn’t known how many of these people are women, research consistently shows that females are more likely to suffer with chronic pain.

And for women sourcing weed on the street, safety is, inevitably, a concern – meeting a stranger or climbing into an unknown car being riskier for women than men. But it isn’t the only concern in cannabis procured on the street; levels of psychoactive THC can vary.

How can cannabis be harmful?

For a 2020 study by the Addiction and Mental Health Group at the University of Bath, researchers investigated concentrations of THC in over 80,000 street samples collected across seven countries, including the UK. In herbal cannabis, they found that THC concentrations by weight increased by 14% between 1970 and 2017, which, according to the researchers, represented an increased risk of harm to users.

‘A possible side effect of cannabis with over 10% THC for some users is developing a psychotic illness’

Such findings are particularly troubling in the context of emerging evidence linking THC at high doses with psychosis. ‘In a large European study we found that a possible side effect of cannabis with over 10% THC for some users is developing a psychotic illness,’ says Marta Di Forti, a psychiatrist and leading expert on cannabis and psychosis at King ’s College London, who tells WH she sees people like this in her clinic every week.

The individuals who come to her are young adults – the vast majority of whom have been smoking illegally sourced weed recreationally on a daily basis, often since their early teens – but as some within the industry rhapsodise about cannabis’s potential, concerns about side effects cannot be ignored.

Compound interest

All the experts WH interviewed for this piece agreed that, five years on from this legislation, the situation is unclear. ‘The difficulty patients experience in accessing cannabis-based medicinal products is quite alarming,’ says Blunt, who adds the caveat that the onus is on NICE – together with the MHRA – to educate doctors on prescribing practices and to license products.

While the former is straight forward, the latter is more of a challenge; the Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) needed for licensing are, he notes, ‘notoriously expensive’.

‘I think that for the same reason that cannabis can cause psychosis, it can be used for therapeutic reasons’

‘The government has allocated some money towards [medical cannabis] research, but more is always welcome,’ says Dr Englund, stressing the need for slow, careful science. ‘We can’t exempt cannabis from the rigorous scientific testing we require from all potential new medicines. The regulations ensure that we understand how effective medicines are and the possible side effects.’ As for the potential of some cannabis-based medications? He’s optimistic, but cautiously so. ‘It’s not a panacea for all human ills.’

This polarisation of views on the issue is one Dr Di Forti rejects, too. ‘I think that for the same reason that cannabis can cause psychosis, it can be used for therapeutic reasons.’ Any medicine has side effects, she says, giving the example of chemotherapy – a treatment with a litany of negative reactions, but which few people would turn down.

‘[With cannabis], the difference between keeping you safe and causing you harm is knowing what[side effects] to look for, making sure you’re careful with the dose and identifying groups who are more likely to develop side effects[people with a family or personal history of conditions such as schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders and those under 18].’

It’s not always the case that every person in these groups can’t take the drug, she adds, but that they would need close monitoring from a psychiatrist and be made aware of the risk.

‘Cannabis is not a panacea for all human ills’

The future of medical cannabis in the UK is murky. As it stands, the private sector is poised to soar, while the NHS continues to stagnate in a labyrinth of prescribing blocks. Without funding for the lengthy and expensive trials necessary before medical regulators are able to recommend cannabis-based medicines for more conditions, the two-tier system will only become more pronounced.

More still might seek their dose via the unregulated illegal

A recent study found that when states adopt recreational cannabis laws, admissions for mental health treatment drop. 

The study, published in the journal Health Economics, is notable given growing questions about cannabis’ impact on mental health. Over the past two decades, numerous states have legalized cannabis use for adults. Unfortunately, research on how cannabis impacts mental health is mixed. 

Some studies have found cannabis helpful for some mental health conditions, while others suggest cannabis’ potential to worsen certain conditions. Because of this complex picture, some have worried that cannabis legalization could lead to worse mental health for the general population. 

This study, however, suggests a more positive outcome arrives shortly after recreational cannabis laws—less admissions for mental health treatment. 

Cannabis Laws And Mental Health 

Until recently, scant research existed on how cannabis laws impact mental health. But Alberto Ortega, a researcher from Indiana University, Bloomington, wanted to know more. “Recreational marijuana laws continue to grow in popularity, but the effects on mental health treatment are unclear,” Ortega explains. This motivated him to investigate whether the increasing number of states with legal cannabis saw significant impacts.

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See also: Nobel Prize Winner Views Medical Cannabis As ‘A Real Therapeutic Treatment…Free Of Mysticism’

To do this, Ortega analyzed data on mental health admissions from state mental health facilities’ Uniform Reporting System. This included data on patients ages 13 to 65, over 12 years from 2007 to 2019. During this time, 10 states passed recreational cannabis laws. By comparing each state’s data, in the years before and after voters adopted the new laws, Ortega uncovered a clear pattern. Shortly after a state adopts cannabis legalization, they experience a significant drop in mental health treatment admissions.

The results look clear: Legal cannabis leads to fewer mental health admissions.

These results proved robust even when he controlled for differences between states with cannabis laws and those without. For example, states who passed recreational cannabis laws tend to have broader Medicaid access, as well as pre-existing medical cannabis laws. Since these factors could also impact mental health, Ortega controlled for them in his analysis. He also included controls for demographics like age, race, economics, and politics. But even with these controls, the main findings held. 

This graph shows mental health treatment admissions in the years before and after recreational cannabis laws.

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Results Differ For Some Demographics 

In the first few years after a state adopted a recreational cannabis law, states experienced a 37% drop in mental health admissions, on average. The results stayed fairly consistent across all ages under 65, with even the youngest group (13-20), seeing reductions in admissions. The correlation also proved relatively consistent between men and women, who experienced a 42% and 37% reduction in admissions, respectively. 

Race drove the biggest differences in results. Black mental health admissions fell 27%, versus only a 9% decrease for whites. However other racial demographics showed less consistent results. Why did one race report fewer admissions than another? We need more research to understand this connection and what might drive it.

See also: Snoop Dogg Shatters Cannabis Clichés: Consumers Are Highly Educated, Successful, Motivated

Medicaid enrollees also experienced bigger results. However, this may result from reporting facilities having a high number of Medicaid users. Still, both groups saw decreases in admissions after cannabis legalization.

These graphs show mental health treatment admissions in the years before and after recreational cannabis laws, by race. (a) White (b) Black (c) Hispanic (d) Other Race.

Results Show Lower Admissions, Not Better Mental Health

You might want to interpret this study as showing cannabis freedoms directly helping individuals’ mental health—and thus leading to fewer mental health admissions. But as Ortega explains, “the pathways contributing to the decrease in treatment admissions remain unclear. Thus, the results should not be conflated with improved mental health.”

Future research needs to address the causes of the link. Because a number of different theories could explain the data. Cannabis may directly help with mental health. But it’s also possible that self-medication with cannabis deters a person from seeking help, without actually improving their mental health. Unknown factors could also lead to these results.

One big limitation of this study: it doesn’t actually tell us who used cannabis, and how their mental health fared. It only looks at large-scale trends at the population level. This cannot replace medical research looking at mental health outcomes from cannabis use. Ortega reminds us that his findings, “speak specifically to treatment admissions and should not be conflated with improving or declining mental health.” Still, in terms of cannabis legalization’s immediate impact on the health system—the results look clear: Legal cannabis leads to fewer mental health admissions.

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https://tyson20.com/

Tyson 2.0 represents a new, transformed venture for the renowned former boxing champion, Mike Tyson. As the name suggests, this business project is a redefined and enhanced version of Iron Mike’s preliminary cannabis brand. The inception of Tyson 2.0 will not only be a step-up from its predecessor but also a game-changer in the burgeoning cannabis industry. The newly launched enterprise will expand its product line with the aim of offering a versatile array of cannabis options. The variety will range from Mike Tyson’s personal favourite, flower, which is the smokable part of the cannabis plant, to a host of other cannabis-derived products. Tyson 2.0 is set to cater to diverse cannabis consumption preferences, offering something for everyone. Among the wide array of products, the company will be introducing concentrates, which are highly potent forms of cannabis. This includes everything from wax, shatter, and budder to crumble, rosin, and distillate. These products have been meticulously processed to keep only the most desirable compounds of the plant, primarily cannabinoids and terpenes, offering a unique experience for consumers. Additionally, Tyson 2.0 is also set to include edibles in its product lineup. Edibles, as the name suggests, are cannabis-infused food items. The company will offer a delightful assortment of edibles, ranging from cookies and brownies to candies and gummies, providing a potentially delicious and discreet way to consume cannabis. Moreover, the company will offer cannabis-infused beverages, a trend that is rapidly gaining popularity in the market. These beverages will come in a variety of forms, including teas, coffees, energy drinks, and even non-alcoholic beers, appealing to a broad spectrum of consumers. The firm will also cater to those who prefer the classic method of cannabis consumption by offering pre-rolls. These ready-to-smoke products will ensure that consumers have a hassle-free experience, without the need for grinding, rolling, or packing. Mike Tyson, a man who needs no introduction, will serve as the company’s Chief Brand Officer. Given his reputation and influence, Tyson’s active involvement in the business will undoubtedly lend credibility and visibility to the brand. And as the Chief Brand Officer, his role will not be confined to mere endorsement. He will be deeply involved in shaping up brand strategies, ensuring that the brand’s ethos and products resonate well with its target consumers. In what comes as a humorous yet plausible possibility, Iron Mike will likely serve as the company’s chief product tester. His unique position will allow him to provide first-hand reviews and insights about the products, ensuring that they meet the highest standards of quality and consumer expectations. Consequently, Tyson’s personal touch in the testing process will further fortify the brand’s authenticity, integrity, and commitment towards its consumers. In conclusion, Tyson 2.0 is a promising venture that aims to redefine the cannabis industry. With a diversified product line and under Tyson’s guidance, the brand is all set to make a significant impact in the market.

Earlier this month, famed boxer Mike Tyson took a bold step by revealing the significant influence that psychedelic substances have had in his life. His candid disclosure, shared in a widely circulated Forbes article, centered on the past five years of his life, during which he credits these psychedelic substances as the reason for a remarkable turnaround. Before this change, Tyson was known for his years of tumultuous struggle with on-and-off substance abuse and recurring legal troubles. Tyson’s brave initiative to publicly share his experience with psychedelics is not merely a tale of personal redemption, but it provides valuable insight into the potential therapeutic benefits of these substances. He particularly highlighted the role of psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound produced by more than 200 species of mushrooms. This compound, often referred to as “magic mushrooms,” has been the subject of increasing scientific interest and is gradually gaining recognition for its potential therapeutic properties. Over the last five years, according to Tyson, psilocybin has functioned as a much-needed catalyst in his life. He attributes his ability to finally break free from a vicious cycle of substance abuse and frequent brushes with the law to his usage of this psychedelic substance. The transformation Tyson underwent during this period was evidently a profound one. He transitioned from a life plagued by addiction, controversy, and legal woes to one marked by stability and personal growth. His story, therefore, serves as a testament to the transformative potential that psychedelics hold, particularly for individuals grappling with addiction. But Tyson’s story is not an isolated one. It adds to a growing body of anecdotal evidence that suggests psychedelics’ potential role in treating a variety of mental health disorders, including addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it’s important to remember that the use of these substances is not without risks. They can produce hallucinations, changes in perception, and other psychological effects that may not be suitable for everyone. Therefore, their use should be under the guidance of healthcare professionals. Notably, Tyson’s revelations come at a time when the use of psychedelic substances in mental health treatment is gaining increasing attention from the scientific community. Research on psilocybin is being conducted at several esteemed institutions, including Johns Hopkins University and Imperial College London, with promising results in treating conditions like depression and PTSD. This burgeoning field of research, coupled with Tyson’s high-profile endorsement, could potentially challenge societal perceptions of these substances, shedding new light on their potential as therapeutic agents. In conclusion, Tyson’s personal narrative underscores the critical role that psilocybin and other psychedelics can potentially play in overcoming addiction and other mental health disorders. Though this is a singular case, it adds a new and personal dimension to the ongoing debate surrounding the potential therapeutic use of these substances. As research progresses, it will be interesting to see how the scientific community and society at large will respond to the potential benefits and risks of these highly debated substances.

In a recent interview, Tyson reminisced about his transformative encounter with a potent psychoactive compound, commonly known as the “God molecule” or scientifically referred to as 5-MeO-DMT. He explained, “I tried 5-MeO-DMT, and it radically altered my existence. The experience was so profound that it sparked a significant shift in my life journey, marking an epoch of metamorphosis.” The compound 5-MeO-DMT, which Tyson stumbled upon, has been well documented and is famous for its potent psychoactive properties. Often referred to as the ‘God molecule,’ it is known for inducing intense spiritual or mystical experiences and insightful introspections. These experiences often lead to a deeper understanding of oneself and the universe, effecting changes in perception and behavior. Tyson’s encounter with this molecule resulted in remarkable transformations. He lost a staggering 100 pounds, demonstrating an impressive commitment to physical health and wellness. But the most significant change was not just in his physical appearance or health; it was his renewed passion for combat. At the age of 55, he got back into the ring, challenging opponents in spirited matches. This marked an unexpected yet astounding return to his first love and profession, boxing. There was more to the revolution that Tyson experienced. He noticed a shift in his business approach, leading to better decisions and more successful endeavors. His professional life took a turn, leading to prosperous outcomes. This was not an isolated change, though. It was part of the comprehensive transformation he underwent after his spiritual encounter with 5-MeO-DMT. His health started to improve, and he began to notice an unprecedented sense of vitality. His energy levels peaked, and he started to feel more lively and vigorous. He embraced an overall healthier lifestyle, fostering a stronger mind-body connection. It wasn’t just about losing weight or getting back into fighting shape. It was a holistic transformation encompassing physical, mental, and emotional wellbeing. In addition to the physical and professional transformation, Tyson’s ideology also underwent a significant change. His thinking became more transparent, and he developed a more profound understanding of life and existence. His perspectives on various aspects of life evolved, and he found a new sense of clarity in his thoughts and ideas. Reflecting on his life post-encounter with 5-MeO-DMT, Tyson stated, “I didn’t know I could feel this good at 55.” This revelation was a testament to the positive changes that the experience had brought about in his life. It wasn’t just about feeling good physically; it was about achieving a state of overall well-being that encompassed physical health, mental clarity, and emotional stability. The dramatic changes that Tyson underwent, post his encounter with 5-MeO-DMT, are a testament to the profound influence that such experiences can have on one’s life.

Tyson 2.0, the business venture helmed by the former boxing champion Mike Tyson, is gearing up to introduce a diverse set of cannabis products to the market. To facilitate this ambitious endeavor and drive its successful execution, Tyson 2.0 has strategically chosen to align itself with Columbia Care Inc. This partnership is seen as an effective move, given Columbia Care’s impressive standing in the cannabis industry. Being one of the largest cultivators, manufacturers, and distributors of cannabis across the nation, Columbia Care has a significant and influential presence within the industry. Their extensive experience and knowledge are seen as critical assets that can boost Tyson 2.0’s plans for product delivery to the market. Columbia Care Inc., renowned for its unparalleled commitment to product quality, safety standards, and customer service, will undertake the task of selling the Tyson 2.0 product line. The range of offerings will be made available to customers via multiple sales channels. For direct consumers, Columbia Care’s string of dispensaries across the country will serve as the primary points of sale. These dispensaries have carved a niche for themselves, with their reputation for housing a wide and high-quality array of cannabis products. They offer consumers the unique opportunity to shop for Tyson 2.0 products in a secure, professional, and welcoming setting, where they can also benefit from the expert advice of knowledgeable staff. In addition to this direct-to-consumer sales strategy, Columbia Care will also be marketing the Tyson 2.0 product line at the wholesale level to other retailers. This move is aimed at maximizing product accessibility and reaching out to a broader customer base. With its vast network of connections with retailers nationwide, Columbia Care is well-positioned to execute this strategy effectively. It enables the Tyson 2.0 products to achieve a wider reach and provide an opportunity for consumers who may not have direct access to Columbia Care dispensaries to still benefit from their range of products. In summary, the alliance between Tyson 2.0 and Columbia Care Inc., characterized by Tyson’s innovative vision and Columbia Care’s extensive industry experience, promises a successful launch and distribution of Tyson’s line of cannabis products. The proposed dual-strategy – selling through company-owned dispensaries and at the wholesale level – is set to enhance product visibility and availability, ultimately catering to the interests of both companies and their target customer base.

In the course of my professional journey, I had the privilege of becoming acquainted with Mike not just as an entrepreneur, but also as an investor. This was an experience that shed light on various aspects of his personality and approach towards business. The most striking feature that I discovered was Mike’s profound relationship with cannabis. This relationship wasn’t merely a peripheral preference but rather, it served as a significant and critical element in his life, shaping various dimensions of his personal and professional existence. Mike’s association with cannabis wasn’t a casual one. It was deeply rooted in his beliefs, his lifestyle, and his worldview. It appeared that he had found in cannabis a companion that not only provided him relief but also inspired creativity and innovative thinking. This was a discovery that sparked a new idea in my mind, a unique vision to channel Mike’s passion into a sustainable business venture. This vision led us to envision Tyson 2.0, a transformative concept that we believed had the potential to revolutionize the cannabis industry. We saw a golden opportunity to create and develop new brands and products on a national scale, leveraging Mike’s influence and his relationship with cannabis, while also catering to the rising demand for cannabis-based products. The plan was ambitious, but we were confident in the potential it held. Bronstein elaborates on this strategic partnership, noting the involvement of Columbia Care Inc. as a key ally in their venture. By aligning with Columbia Care Inc., a renowned name in the cannabis industry, we were able to strengthen our position and gain the necessary traction to make our dream a reality. The alliance’s primary goal was to ensure that more Americans could access the products and services offered by Tyson. This collaborative effort aims to bridge a significant gap in the market by providing high-quality cannabis products to a larger audience. Columbia Care Inc.’s experience and presence in the industry made it an ideal partner for us, enhancing our capabilities to reach out to more individuals and making Tyson’s offerings more accessible. The collaboration with Columbia Care Inc. is not just a business alliance for us. It is a significant step towards realizing our vision of creating a cannabis culture that is accessible, inclusive, and beneficial for all. It symbolizes our commitment towards making quality cannabis products available to more Americans, enhancing their lives with the numerous benefits that this remarkable plant has to offer. In conclusion, our association with Mike, the origin of Tyson 2.0, and our partnership with Columbia Care Inc., are all part of a grand strategy aimed at changing the landscape of the cannabis industry in the United States. Our goal is to enhance the accessibility of top-tier cannabis products, allowing more Americans to explore the benefits of this extraordinary plant.

David Bronstein has been appointed as the chairman of Tyson 2.0, a forward-thinking company operating at the vanguard of the evolving cannabis industry. Renowned for his strategic acumen and visionary leadership, Bronstein will be at the helm of this promising enterprise, steering it towards a prosperous future. His notable expertise in the field and his proven track record as a successful entrepreneur will undoubtedly be critical assets in this latest venture. His responsibilities as chairman will include guiding the company’s overarching strategy, ensuring the alignment of all its operations with the global vision, and fostering a culture of innovation and sustainability. Meanwhile, Adam Wilks will occupy the pivotal role of CEO. Wilks has an impressive portfolio of professional experiences, including his tenure as CEO of One Plant, a retailer known for its pioneering role in the cannabis industry. His significant contribution to the growth and success of One Plant has earned him well-deserved recognition within the industry. In addition to this, Wilks also boasts a substantial association with Captor Capital, a leading cannabis public company. His accumulated knowledge and insights gained from these experiences will undoubtedly serve him well as he undertakes the challenging task of leading Tyson 2.0. The pivotal roles of the chairman and CEO will be instrumental in shaping the direction of Tyson 2.0. Together, Bronstein and Wilks will pool their considerable talents and experience to ensure the company’s steady ascent in a highly competitive industry. Thus far, Tyson 2.0’s prospects look promising, with the company having successfully raised $7 million in its seed round funding stage. This significant capital will serve as a potent resource for the company’s growth and expansion strategies. Part of the funding will be strategically invested in securing cultivation agreements, a critical step in ensuring the company’s ability to supply its products in a constantly growing market. Beyond this, the company is keen on developing proprietary in-house cannabis strains, setting it apart from competitors and enhancing its brand identity. By creating unique cannabis strains, Tyson 2.0 aims to cater to the diverse preferences of its customer base, providing them with distinctive products that meet their specific needs. Moreover, an essential portion of the funds will be allocated to build a robust sales team. The creation of an effective sales force is an integral part of Tyson 2.0’s expansion strategy, as it will be responsible for acquiring new customers, maintaining relationships with existing ones, and ultimately driving the company’s revenue. In conclusion, Tyson 2.0, under the astute leadership of Bronstein and Wilks and with the backing of substantial seed funding, is positioning itself to make significant strides within the burgeoning cannabis industry. The company’s focus on securing cultivation agreements, developing unique in-house strains, and creating a powerful sales team points toward a future of noteworthy growth and success.

The celebrated and iconic figure in the boxing world, Mike Tyson, has recently made statements advocating for and endorsing the ventures of companies like Wesana and Tyson 2.0. He is of the strong conviction that these companies are playing a pivotal role in fostering and establishing a fresh perspective on cannabis and psychedelic substances. What’s more, he expresses unshakeable confidence in the longevity of these enterprises, asserting that they “are here to stay.” Wesana, a health and wellness company, and Tyson 2.0, an extension of Tyson’s own brand, are at the forefront of harnessing the potential of cannabis and psychedelics. This is particularly pertinent in a time when the stigma associated with these substances is gradually waning, and there is a growing acceptance of their therapeutic and recreational uses. Tyson is quite vocal and forthcoming about his support for these companies, a stance he has taken after observing their transformative work in the field. He acknowledges the instrumental role they’re playing in modifying the prevalent perceptual mindsets regarding cannabis and psychedelics. These companies have not only introduced, but are also propagating a new perspective around these substances, encouraging a more open discourse, and ultimately, aiming to normalize their societal acceptance. Tyson’s belief in the longevity of these enterprises is deeply rooted in seeing the potential they hold and the paradigm shift they’ve spurred in the conversation surrounding cannabis and psychedelics. He is confident that these path-breaking companies “are here to stay,” a statement that reflects his belief in their innovative approaches, their commitment to advancing the conversation, and their potential to effect a significant change in the field. The legendary boxer underscores the point that these organizations are not just transient experiments, but solid, enduring enterprises. He appreciates their work in actively educating the public, dispelling myths, and spearheading much-needed research around these substances. This, he believes, is integral to their longevity. In conclusion, Tyson’s remarks offer a glimpse into the optimism and confidence he holds for companies like Wesana and Tyson 2.0. He is affirmative in his belief that they are contributing to a seismic shift in prevailing mindsets, ushering in a new era of acceptance around cannabis and psychedelics. The legendary boxer is certain that they are not just momentary phenomena, but rather, transformative organizations that are here to stay and continue to shape the future discourse.

According to Bronstein, a respected figure in the business world, there is a significant overlap in investor interest in three particular businesses – Wesana, Fyllo, and the newly-formed company under Mike Tyson, widely referred to as Tyson 2.0. His remarks are primarily based on his observations about the major stakeholders in the cannabis and psychedelics market. These key players, who have made substantial contributions to the growth of the sector, are now extending their support to bring Tyson 2.0 to the market. This collaborative effort is indicative of the growing popularity and acceptance of cannabis and psychedelic products, especially those endorsed by celebrities like Mike Tyson. The remarkable investment overlap among Wesana, Fyllo, and Tyson 2.0 is a testament to the market’s confidence in these companies’ potential for growth and profitability. Investors who have placed their bets on both Wesana and Fyllo have also shown significant interest in Tyson’s new venture. This simultaneous investment in these three companies is an interesting trend in the market, reflecting the investors’ faith in their prospective success. Bronstein’s assertion is reflective of the evolving market dynamics and the rising acceptance of cannabis and psychedelics as viable business sectors. Moreover, Tyson 2.0 products will not only be introduced into the market but will also be actively marketed through the Fyllo platform. Fyllo, a renowned and trusted name in the cannabis industry, will serve as a robust avenue for promoting and selling Tyson 2.0 products. Its established presence in the market and its extensive reach to consumers are expected to significantly bolster the visibility and accessibility of Tyson 2.0 products. The collaboration between the two companies is expected to bring a fresh wave of dynamism in the market, paving the way for an influx of new consumers. Bronstein also predicts that Tyson 2.0 products will be well-received and popular among consumers. His assertion is based on the current market trends that indicate a rising consumer interest in cannabis and psychedelic products. Moreover, the endorsement of such products by a celebrity like Mike Tyson further adds to their appeal. It is believed that Tyson’s star power and the quality assurance that comes with his name will draw a massive consumer base towards Tyson 2.0 products. On the whole, Bronstein’s predictions provide valuable insights into the future of Tyson 2.0, Fyllo, and Wesana, indicating that these companies, with the support of significant investors and a strong marketing strategy, are poised for success.

In a pioneering investigation that promises to revolutionize our comprehension of medical cannabis, the esteemed Imperial College London researchers are conducting extensive trials on cannabis-derived medicinal products. The main aim of these trials is to probe the potential of these products in treating a variety of health conditions, specifically cancer and acute pain. The research, carried out in partnership with EMMAC Life Sciences, a medical cannabis company, and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, endeavors to thoroughly assess the effectiveness of these products that are gradually gaining prominence in the global medical community. Although medical cannabis is already commonly prescribed in countries including Germany and the United States and has been legal in the United Kingdom since October 2018, the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) is reticent to fully adopt it. This reluctance is primarily due to the absence of exhaustive evidence confirming its safety, clinical efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), which formulates the clinical guidelines followed by the NHS, requires this kind of robust evidence before endorsing any novel treatment. The dedicated team at Imperial College is determined to generate the empirical data needed to guide organizations like NICE. The institute has supported a government initiative calling for increased industry research into medical cannabis. The data produced from these trials will aid in deciding whether cannabis-based medicinal products can be advocated as safe and effective treatments for specific health conditions. Leading this innovative study is Mikael Sodergren, a consultant hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgeon, and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer at Imperial’s Department of Surgery and Cancer. He discussed the medical profession’s progress in embracing medical cannabis and the challenges of providing solid data to affirm clinical efficacy and parse the effectiveness of various elements of the plant. A crucial focus of the Imperial College research is the evaluation of medical cannabis as a potential substitute for opioid painkillers, particularly in light of the opioid crisis where addiction often begins with a prescription for managing acute pain. The researchers intend to test medical cannabis in patients who have undergone significant abdominal surgery, tracking their opioid usage to determine if it diminishes. Moreover, the team will explore the potential of CBD, a primary active compound in cannabis, as a cancer treatment. These pre-clinical trials will involve both in vitro and in vivo work, in collaboration with cancer researcher Dr. Anguraj Sadanandam and his colleagues at The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR). Sodergren, also a paid scientific advisor to EMMAC Life Sciences, is hopeful about fostering a more evidence-based understanding of cannabis’s clinical efficacy. He noted the importance of negative results in building a comprehensive understanding of medical cannabis’s potential and limitations. The partnership with EMMAC Life Sciences offers Imperial academics the chance to secure additional research funding and apply their expertise to real-world industry and societal challenges. Sodergren pointed out the benefits of the collaboration, including sector-specific knowledge and networking opportunities. Antonio Costanzo, CEO of EMMAC Life Sciences, highlighted the company’s commitment to science-led approaches, while Dr. Sadanandam, Team Leader in Systems and Precision Cancer Medicine at ICR, expressed his pleasure to collaborate with Imperial College London and EMMAC Life Sciences.

 Imperial University Cannabis Research projects. Here are some of the topics they are working on:

The intriguing correlation between inflammation and cancer has long been a topic of interest in the medical field. Specifically, researchers are delving into the intricate mechanisms of how phytocannabinoids and related compounds influence the complex molecular pathways that are involved in the development and progression of cancer. Phytocannabinoids are plant-derived compounds that are known to interact with the endocannabinoid system in the body and have been shown to have numerous therapeutic effects. Endocannabinoids, along with their receptors, are found throughout the body in the immune system, organs, connective tissues, glands, and the brain. In each tissue, the cannabinoid system performs different tasks, but the goal is always the same: homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite fluctuations in the external environment. However, to truly appreciate the promise of phytocannabinoids and related compounds, one must understand the molecular pathways that govern the proliferation, survival, and death of cancer cells. These pathways are a complex network of interconnecting biochemical routes, which, when perturbed, can lead to the abnormal cell growth characteristic of cancer. In addition to investigating the primary effects of cannabinoids on these pathways, researchers are also exploring the potential synergistic effects of these compounds with other therapeutic strategies. For instance, they are testing how cannabinoids can enhance the effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy—two of the most common and potent treatments for cancer. Chemotherapy works by targeting cells that are dividing rapidly, a characteristic of most cancer cells. The cells in the body that are growing quickly, such as those in the bone marrow, the lining of the mouth, and the hair follicles, are also affected. This is why chemotherapy often leads to unpleasant side effects like hair loss and mouth sores. Therefore, finding ways to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy while reducing its side effects is of considerable interest to researchers and clinicians alike. Immunotherapy, on the other hand, uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It stimulates the immune system to work harder or smarter to attack cancer cells or it introduces man-made immune system proteins to enhance the body’s natural defense mechanisms. However, some cancers develop ways to evade the immune response, making them resistant to immunotherapy. Cannabinoids have been shown in preclinical studies to enhance the efficacy of both chemotherapy and immunotherapy, particularly for cancers that have demonstrated resistance to conventional treatments. This suggests that the incorporation of cannabinoids into conventional cancer treatment protocols may result in a more effective, comprehensive approach to battling this devastating disease. Thus, the marriage of cannabinoids, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy could potentially revolutionize the way we treat cancer, providing hope for countless patients worldwide. These studies underscore the importance of ongoing research into the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and related compounds in the treatment of cancer, a disease that continues to represent a significant global health challenge.

One critical area of focus for scientists in the field of pain management is the development of new, effective analgesic treatments. Many of these potential treatments are based on cannabinoids — substantial components found in Cannabis Sativa, commonly known as marijuana, and other related compounds. These treatments specifically target receptors such as CB1 and CB2, both of which play a significant role in how we perceive pain. CB1 and CB2 are part of the endocannabinoid system, a complex cell-signaling system in the human body that plays a crucial role in regulating a wide range of functions and processes, including sleep, mood, appetite, memory, and reproduction and fertility. Significantly, the endocannabinoid system is implicated in controlling pain perception. CB1 receptors are primarily located in the brain and central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are more commonly found in peripheral organs and cells associated with the immune system. To test the potency and efficacy of these cannabinoid-based compounds, researchers use in vitro models of hypersensitivity. These models use neurons extracted from the sensory ganglia of both rodents and humans. Sensory ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies that convey sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system. By studying these neurons in a controlled environment, scientists can better understand the potential therapeutic effects of cannabinoids on pain signaling pathways. Recently, there has been a significant breakthrough in this field of study. Scientists have demonstrated that CBD (Cannabidiol) — one of the main active compounds in cannabis — can inhibit or desensitize a specific receptor known as TRPV1. The TRPV1 receptor, often referred to as the capsaicin receptor, is a protein that plays a key role in transmitting pain signals from the peripheral nervous system to the brain. The inhibition or desensitization of the TRPV1 receptor by CBD suggests a promising potential for the compound as a novel analgesic treatment. This discovery could revolutionize the way we manage and treat pain, opening the doors for more effective, targeted therapies. Furthermore, it emphasizes the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, demonstrating that they could offer crucial solutions for individuals suffering from chronic pain conditions. In conclusion, the scientific community is actively aiming to develop new analgesic treatments based on cannabinoids and other similar compounds. By targeting pain perception receptors and using in vitro models for testing, they have unlocked the potential of compounds like CBD. As research progresses, it is hoped that these findings will lead to the development of more effective treatments for managing pain, improving the quality of life for those living with chronic pain conditions.

Real World Evidence (RWE) is a critical component in healthcare research and development. It pertains to the utilization of health data collected from non-interventional studies, registries, electronic health records, and administrative datasets to generate evidence for the safety and effectiveness of medical products, particularly cannabis-based medicinal products. In this context, non-interventional studies offer a wealth of information that is gleaned from observational studies conducted in natural, real-world settings rather than in controlled clinical environments. These studies provide valuable insights into the effects of cannabis-based medicinal products under regular use without the artificial constraints imposed by controlled studies. Registries, on the other hand, are organized systems used to collect uniform data about a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure and that serve a predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purpose. They provide a broad snapshot of patient experiences across diverse demographics, making them powerful tools for understanding the potential safety and effectiveness of cannabis-based medicinal products. Moreover, electronic health records (EHRs) are digital versions of patient charts, containing a patient’s medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, and laboratory and test results. By analyzing EHRs, researchers can map the impact of cannabis-based medicinal products on a patient’s overall health trajectory. Administrative datasets, which include insurance claims data and patient registry data, contribute another vital layer to the understanding of cannabis-based medicinal products. These rich data sources allow for the examination of patterns of care, outcomes, costs, and the roles of various health services in patient care. By rigorously analyzing data from these various sources, they generate a high degree of evidence about the safety and effectiveness of cannabis-based medicinal products. This evidence serves two primary functions: it both supports the drug development process and informs clinical decision-making. In terms of drug development, this evidence guides researchers in their efforts to refine cannabis-based medicinal products. It points to potential side effects that need to be mitigated, suggests dosing strategies that might enhance effectiveness, and identifies patient groups who may benefit most from these interventions. In the realm of clinical decision-making, this evidence informs healthcare practitioners about the real-world implications of prescribing cannabis-based medicinal products. It offers insights into how different patients might respond to these drugs, what side effects they might experience, and how these drugs might interact with other treatments they are receiving. This empowers clinicians to make more informed, individualized, and ultimately safe and effective treatment decisions for their patients. In conclusion, real-world evidence, derived from non-interventional studies, registries, electronic health records, and administrative datasets, plays a pivotal role in validating the safety and effectiveness of cannabis-based medicinal products. It supports the drug development process and provides invaluable insights to inform clinical decision-making.

Learn more:

1. imperial.ac.uk

2. imperial.ac.uk

3. imperial.ac.uk

Imperial College London is a leading center for cannabis research. The Medical Cannabis Research Group at Imperial is investigating the potential of cannabis-based medicinal products for the treatment of a range of conditions, including:

• Cancer
• Acute pain
• Chronic pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Epilepsy
• Psychiatric disorders

The group is also conducting research into the mechanisms of action of cannabinoids, the active compounds in cannabis. This research is aimed at developing a better understanding of how cannabinoids interact with the body and how they can be used to treat disease.

In addition to its own research, the Medical Cannabis Research Group is also involved in a number of collaborations with other institutions. These collaborations are aimed at accelerating the pace of cannabis research and bringing new cannabis-based treatments to patients.

Some of the specific cannabis research projects being conducted at Imperial College London include:

• A clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of cannabis-based medicinal products in the treatment of acute post-operative pain
• A study investigating the use of CBD, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, in the treatment of cancer
• A study investigating the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
• A study investigating the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis

The Medical Cannabis Research Group is committed to conducting high-quality research that will help to inform the development of safe and effective cannabis-based treatments.

For more information on cannabis research at Imperial College London, please visit the Medical Cannabis Research Group website: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/departments/department-surgery-cancer/research/surgery/groups/medical-cannabis-research-group/

EMMAC Life Sciences, a renowned European cannabis enterprise, was successfully acquired by the US-based Curaleaf in 2021, marking a significant milestone in the global cannabis industry. The company originally came into existence in 2016. Over a period of five years, it evolved into a cannabis giant, establishing operations across multiple European countries including the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. This impressive expansion underlines the strategic vision of the company and its commitment to capturing a significant share of the burgeoning European cannabis market. One unique aspect of EMMAC Life Sciences was its vertically integrated business model, which allowed it to control every step of its value chain. This comprehensive approach ranged from the cultivation of cannabis plants to processing these plants into various medical and recreational products, and distributing them to dispensaries and research facilities. Such an integrated model gave EMMAC control over quality, cost, and delivery timelines, setting it apart from many competitors in the industry. In the cultivation process, EMMAC prided itself on adhering to rigorous standards and best practices in agricultural technology, ensuring the production of high-quality cannabis. This commitment to quality was reflected in the final product, contributing to the brand’s reputation and customer satisfaction. Beyond cultivation, EMMAC also maintained an edge in processing. The company utilized advanced extraction techniques and sophisticated processing technologies to convert raw cannabis into numerous forms, such as oils, tinctures, and capsules, while preserving their therapeutic properties. This wide array of options catered to diverse consumer preferences and medical needs, further solidifying EMMAC’s position in the market. Besides cultivation and processing, EMMAC’s vertically integrated model extended to distribution. The company managed a vast network of dispensaries across Europe, facilitating efficient delivery of their products and ensuring a steady stream of revenue. This distribution network also enabled the company to understand and respond to market dynamics quickly and efficiently. Moreover, EMMAC was committed to improving the understanding and acceptability of cannabis through research and development. The company not only improved existing products but also innovated new ones to meet emerging consumer needs. This focus on R&D, coupled with a robust intellectual property portfolio, demonstrated EMMAC’s commitment to pioneering the cannabis industry. In summary, EMMAC Life Sciences, with its comprehensive operations in cultivation, processing, distribution, and research and development, rose to prominence in the European cannabis market before its acquisition by Curaleaf in 2021. This acquisition marked a pivotal moment for Curaleaf, allowing it to expand its footprint into the European market and further diversify its global operations.

Opens in a new windowwww.vccp.com

EMMAC Life Sciences cannabis cultivation facility

EMMAC Life Sciences Ltd, a leading European cannabis company, was renowned for its vast cultivation facility nestled in the heart of Portugal. This facility, christened by industry insiders as one of the largest and most technologically advanced in all of Europe, was a testament to the company’s commitment to scale, quality, and innovation in the burgeoning field of cannabis cultivation. The cultivation complex was a marvel. It sprawled over acres of fertile Portuguese land, with vast greenhouses and state-of-the-art processing centers that stood as sentinels to the thriving cannabis plants. The facility was designed to produce cannabis of the highest quality, with a relentless adherence to the strictest of European regulatory standards. The operations were not only vast but also infused with the latest technological advancements, ensuring the pristine quality of each harvest. EMMAC was not just a cultivator but also a dedicated producer of a diversified range of top-notch cannabis products. This broad product portfolio included the highly demanded cannabis flower, meticulously extracted cannabis oils, and carefully formulated capsules. Each product was the result of a rigorous process, starting from selecting the most potent and disease-resistant strains to processing them under stringent conditions, thus ensuring that the final product was nothing short of the best. Beyond production, EMMAC also held a robust focus on research and development, acknowledging the necessity of scientific exploration in the evolution of cannabis use. The company had a dedicated team of scientists and researchers, constantly probing the potential of cannabis in various therapeutic areas. Their work was tantamount to a meticulous exploration of uncharted territories, aimed at unveiling new possibilities and breakthroughs. Moreover, EMMAC was directly involved in a number of clinical trials, investigating the potential of cannabis for the treatment of a diverse range of conditions. These trials, which brought together experts from different medical fields, were designed to study the effectiveness and safety of cannabis-based treatments. The company was keen on exploring cannabis’s potential in managing pain, inflammation, and various neurological conditions. Their involvement in these clinical trials was a testament to their commitment to pushing the boundaries of cannabis’s therapeutic potential. In conclusion, EMMAC was not just a company in the cannabis industry; it was a significant player steering the evolution of this industry in Europe. With its vast cultivation facility, diversified product portfolio, and relentless focus on research and development, the company was at the forefront of the exciting journey of cannabis towards acceptance and widespread usage in the medical world.

Opens in a new windowwww.businesswire.com

EMMAC Life Sciences cannabis products

EMMAC Life Sciences Limited, a company well-known for its significant influence in the European cannabis market, was acquired by Curaleaf Holdings, Inc., a giant in the cannabis industry. This strategic merger was hailed as a landmark occurrence within the sector, catching the attention of stakeholders, investors, and industry enthusiasts alike. EMMAC’s sterling reputation was built on its commitment to advancing the medical cannabis industry in Europe. It established a robust network, extending its reach across several European countries. Its large-scale cultivation, extraction, formulation, and distribution capabilities made it a force to be reckoned with in the cannabis market. EMMAC was not just a manufacturer; it also invested heavily in research and development, working relentlessly to enhance the therapeutic potentials of cannabis. Its pursuit of innovation made it an attractive target for acquisition. On the other hand, Curaleaf, an industry titan based in the United States, has been deemed one of the largest cannabis companies worldwide. With roots in Wakefield, Massachusetts, Curaleaf has managed to expand its operations extensively within the United States. The company’s success can be attributed to its commitment to high-quality products, excellent customer service, and a strategic approach to the evolving legal landscape around cannabis in the U.S. The acquisition of EMMAC by Curaleaf was, therefore, a move that shook the industry. It was a strategic alliance that not only expanded Curaleaf’s global footprint but also created a leading global cannabis company with a substantial presence in both the United States and Europe. This merger brought about a unique synergy, a fusion of experiences, strategies, and market presence. It was a testament to Curaleaf’s ambition to scale and dominate the global cannabis landscape. As a result of this acquisition, Curaleaf gained access to EMMAC’s expansive European network, enhancing their ability to navigate the complex and diverse European market. Furthermore, the acquisition poised Curaleaf to leverage EMMAC’s scientific research and innovation capabilities. This could potentially lead to the development of new products, improving the company’s offerings and further establishing its position in the market. Meanwhile, EMMAC, now under the umbrella of Curaleaf, had the opportunity to benefit from the latter’s industry experience, established brand, and financial resources. This would potentially enable EMMAC to accelerate its growth and scale-up operations more quickly. In summary, the acquisition of EMMAC by Curaleaf was a significant event that greatly impacted the cannabis industry. It created a leading global cannabis company that spans both the U.S. and European markets, offering potential for growth, innovation, and increased market dominance. This major industry milestone underscored the rapidly evolving nature of the cannabis business landscape, demonstrating the increasing importance of strategic alliances and mergers in propelling corporate growth and global expansion.

Opens in a new windowwww.theguardian.com

Curaleaf cannabis company

EMMAC Life Sciences is a European cannabis company that was acquired by Curaleaf International in 20211. EMMAC is involved in cannabis research, cultivation, extraction, and production, as well as distribution and sales of medical cannabis products across several European countries21. EMMAC has a vertically integrated model that allows it to control the quality and consistency of its products, as well as to meet the regulatory requirements of different markets1. EMMAC has two cultivation facilities in Portugal and Spain, where it grows medical cannabis under licences from the local authorities23. EMMAC also has a GMP-certified manufacturing site in Alicante, Spain, where it extracts and produces cannabis extract as an active pharmaceutical ingredient2. EMMAC’s vision is to bring the life-enhancing potential of cannabis to the people who need it4.

Learn more:

1. prnewswire.com

2. globenewswire.com

3. businesswire.com

4. curaleafinternational.com

5. emmac.com

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What are some of EMMAC’s products?

Medical cannabis flowers: These are dried and trimmed cannabis buds that can be vaporized or smoked by patients. EMMAC offers different strains of medical cannabis flowers, such as Bedrocan, Bediol, Bedica, and Bedrolite, that have varying levels of THC and CBD, the main active ingredients in cannabis. These products are imported from the Netherlands and distributed in Germany through EMMAC’s subsidiary, Adven1.

Medical cannabis oils: These are liquid extracts of cannabis that can be taken orally or sublingually by patients. EMMAC produces its own range of medical cannabis oils, such as Curaleaf 10/10, Curaleaf 5/20, and Curaleaf 1/30, that have different ratios of THC and CBD to suit different medical conditions. These products are manufactured in Spain and distributed in Germany through Adven1.

Medical cannabis capsules: These are soft gel capsules that contain cannabis oil and can be swallowed by patients. EMMAC offers two types of medical cannabis capsules, Curaleaf THC and Curaleaf CBD, that have either high THC or high CBD content. These products are also manufactured in Spain and distributed in Germany through Adven1.

Learn more:

1. curaleafinternational.com

2. curaleafinternational.com

3. beauhurst.com

4. crunchbase.com

Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can lead to blindness if not treated early. It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. The condition is characterized by damage to the optic nerve, which is usually associated with increased pressure in the eye, also known as intraocular pressure. Glaucoma often occurs without any symptoms, which makes it particularly dangerous. In many cases, individuals do not realize they have the disease until they have already experienced significant vision loss. For this reason, regular eye examinations are crucial, especially for those over the age of 40 or those with a family history of the condition. There are several types of glaucoma, the most common being open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly over time and there is no pain or other initial symptoms, while angle-closure glaucoma can occur suddenly and is often painful. Open-angle glaucoma is often caused by the slow clogging of the drainage canals in the eye, resulting in increased eye pressure. On the other hand, angle-closure glaucoma is caused by blocked drainage canals, leading to a sudden rise in intraocular pressure. Treatments for glaucoma aim to lower eye pressure and can include eye drops, laser therapy, or surgery. Despite the damage caused by glaucoma is permanent and cannot be reversed, with early detection and treatment, you can often protect your eyes against serious vision loss. While everyone is at risk for glaucoma, certain groups are at higher risk than others. These include people over the age of 60, family members of those already diagnosed, diabetics, and people who are severely nearsighted. Regular eye exams are especially critical for these groups. In conclusion, glaucoma is a serious eye condition that, if undetected, can lead to irreversible blindness. Regular eye check-ups are crucial for early detection and successful treatment. It’s also important for individuals, especially those at higher risk, to understand the disease and its symptoms to help protect their vision.

In the year 1971, a pair of researchers named Hepler and Frank embarked on an investigative journey to uncover the effects of smoking marijuana on Intraocular Pressure (IOP). They conducted an elaborate study that brought to light some significant observations, especially concerning the influence of cannabis consumption on IOP. The study involved a moderately sized group of subjects, all of whom were carefully selected to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results. The research was conducted in a controlled environment to minimize any external influences that might skew the findings. The goal was to isolate the effects of marijuana on IOP and to understand these impacts thoroughly. Surprisingly, the study unveiled an astounding revelation that smoking marijuana could lead to a significant reduction in IOP. More specifically, the researchers observed a substantial decrease in the range of 25-30% in IOP. This discovery was of immense importance, given the potential therapeutic implications for conditions like glaucoma, where high intraocular pressure is a primary concern. However, one critical aspect that the study highlighted was the temporal nature of this effect. The reduction in IOP was relatively transient, lasting only approximately 3-4 hours after the consumption of marijuana. Thus, the potential therapeutic effects, although remarkable, were quite fleeting. Moreover, the research pointed out a discernible correlation between the dosage of marijuana consumed and the degree of IOP reduction. This indicated that the extent to which the IOP decreased was contingent on the amount of marijuana ingested. Consequently, it suggested that the impact of marijuana on IOP was dose-dependent. While investigating these ocular effects, the study also observed various other ocular phenomena linked to marijuana use. These included conjunctival hyperaemia, a condition characterized by the reddening of the eyes due to increased blood flow, a noticeable decrease in tear production, and significant changes in pupil size. Furthermore, the study also noted some acute systemic side effects post marijuana consumption. A noticeable reduction in systemic blood pressure and the occurrence of tachycardia, a condition where the heart beats faster than normal at rest, were among the chief systemic effects reported. These effects underscore the broader physiological impacts of marijuana consumption beyond its influence on IOP. The psychological effects of marijuana were also documented in the study. Participants reported a wide array of psychotropic effects, which varied considerably from individual to individual. These included sensations of euphoria, a heightened sense of happiness, or dysphoria, a profound state of unease. There were also disruptions in short-term memory and cognitive impairments, which could potentially affect the individuals’ ability to perform certain tasks. Distorted time perception, reduced coordination, and drowsiness were other notable effects, emphasizing the wide-ranging impacts of marijuana on cognitive functioning.

The initial report hinted at the potential for the development of tolerance with extended marijuana use. This was suggested through the observation that the decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP), a vital parameter in the management of conditions like glaucoma, seemed less significant with the prolonged use of marijuana. The implication here was that there appeared to be a negative correlation between the duration of usage and the effectiveness of marijuana in reducing IOP. In other words, it was implied that the longer one used marijuana, the less beneficial it became in managing IOP, thus raising concerns over the development of a kind of resistance or diminished response to the drug over time. However, this initial suggestion was questioned by the research conducted by Dawson et al. Their study involved a comparative analysis between two distinct groups – those who had not used marijuana and those who could be classified as long-term users of marijuana. For the purpose of their research, long-term users were defined as individuals who had been using marijuana for a decade or more. This group was selected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential effects of prolonged use of marijuana, especially concerning its impact on IOP. Their research methodology was quite interesting as they subjected both the non-user and long-term user groups to a water loading test. The purpose of conducting this test was to measure the reduction in IOP resulting from marijuana treatment and to compare this reduction between both groups. This test is critical in such comparative studies as it provides an objective measure of the physiological response to the drug, thus offering a reliable evaluation of its effectiveness. The results of the test conducted by Dawson et al were, indeed, intriguing. Contrary to the initial report’s suggestion, the IOP reduction resulting from marijuana treatment displayed no significant difference between both the non-users and long-term users. This finding challenged the earlier insinuation of a negative correlation between the usage duration and the effectiveness of marijuana in reducing IOP. Indeed, it suggested that the therapeutic effect of marijuana on IOP did not diminish with prolonged use. These results make a significant contribution to the understanding of the potential of marijuana for therapeutic use, particularly in the management of conditions associated with high IOP. Nevertheless, more research needs to be conducted to corroborate these findings and to explore the long-term effects of marijuana use more comprehensively.

Following the initial observations, a plethora of comprehensive scientific research studies have been diligently undertaken in order to validate the potential of various cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol, cannabigerol, endogenous cannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids, in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP is of significant concern to medical professionals, particularly those specializing in ophthalmology, as if left untreated, it can result in the development of conditions such as glaucoma, leading to vision loss. Consequently, the discovery that cannabinoids could potentially offer an effective method to manage IOP was greeted with considerable interest. These academic studies encompassed both systemic and topical administration of cannabinoids with the objective of managing IOP. Systemic administration would involve the cannabinoids being introduced into the patient’s system via methods such as ingestion or inhalation, where they would then be distributed throughout the body. Topical administration, on the other hand, would see the cannabinoids applied directly to the affected area, in this case, the eyes. Both routes of administration have been extensively researched, yielding a wealth of data for analysis and comparison. Despite the potential of cannabinoids in reducing IOP, the method of administration raises certain concerns. The practice of smoking marijuana, for instance, is generally discouraged as a long-term treatment strategy due to its association with acute side effects and the potential for chronic health issues. Regular inhalation of marijuana smoke can lead to several health risks including emphysema-like lung changes, a condition characterized by shortness of breath and damage to the air sacs in the lungs. Moreover, there is also an increased risk of lung cancer, a potentially deadly health complication that further discourages the use of smoking as a viable method of cannabinoid administration. In addition to smoking, the studies also explored oral administration, which involves the ingestion of cannabinoids. However, this method presents its own set of challenges, one of the most significant being the issue of consistent absorption. The body’s absorption of cannabinoids can be unpredictable, varying based on factors such as the individual’s metabolism, the concentration of the cannabinoids, and the presence of other substances in the system. This inconsistency makes it difficult to determine the effective dosage and frequency of administration required to achieve the desired IOP reduction, thus complicating its use as a practical form of treatment. Therefore, while cannabinoids have demonstrated considerable potential in reducing IOP, the methods of administration, their side effects, and other related challenges require further investigation and refinement. Nonetheless, these studies represent a significant step forward in our understanding of the potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids, paving the way for future research in this exciting area of medical science. The hope is that this work will eventually lead to the development of safer, more effective treatments for conditions related to elevated IOP, improving the lives of patients around the world.

The exact process by which cannabinoids, compounds found in cannabis, are able to decrease intraocular pressure (IOP) in the human eye is still a mystery to a certain degree. Intraocular pressure refers to the fluid pressure within the eye. Excessive intraocular pressure can lead to glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is crucial for good vision. Thus, understanding how cannabinoids can decrease IOP could have significant implications for treating such vision-threatening conditions. In the beginning, it was presumed that the effects of cannabinoids on IOP were mediated via the central nervous system (CNS). This assumption was fueled by the known psychoactive effects of cannabinoids, particularly delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is the primary active ingredient in marijuana. The CNS, which includes the brain and spinal cord, regulates most functions of the body and mind. It seemed logical that such a potent compound might exert its effects through this overarching system. However, a series of compelling studies have suggested an alternate hypothesis. Experiments involving the one-sided topical application of cannabinoids, meaning applied externally to a specific side of the body, and tests utilizing Δ9-THC administration directly into the cerebral ventricles, hollow structures in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid, indicated localized actions rather than CNS mediation. This implies that these compounds may be acting directly at the site of application rather than working systemically through the CNS. Supporting this hypothesis is the discovery of CB1 receptors, a type of cannabinoid receptor, in various ocular tissues. These include the ciliary epithelium, a layer of cells in the eye that produces the aqueous humor; the trabecular meshwork, a spongy tissue located near the base of the cornea that allows the drainage of the aqueous humor; and the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The presence of these receptors suggests a path through which cannabinoids could directly interact with ocular tissues, leading to a decrease in IOP. Moreover, the role of ocular CB1 receptors in IOP reduction has been directly observed, bolstering the idea of a local mechanism. This means that the decrease in IOP triggered by cannabinoids may not be due to a broad systemic effect but instead to the localized interaction of cannabinoids with specific receptors in the eye. Beyond this, cannabinoids may also influence the dynamics of the aqueous humor, the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball. They may improve the uveoscleral outflow, which is one of the two pathways for the aqueous humor to exit the eye. This is achieved by cannabinoids acting as vasodilators on the blood vessels of the anterior uvea, the front part of the uvea that includes the iris and the ciliary body. By expanding these blood vessels, cannabinoids could potentially facilitate the exit of the aqueous humor from the eye, thereby decreasing IOP. In conclusion, while the exact mechanism remains incompletely understood, the evidence points to a potential local effect of cannabinoids in decreasing intraocular pressure in the human eye. This insight opens up new opportunities for research and treatment in ophthalmology and vision science, particularly in conditions like glaucoma where IOP reduction is a key therapeutic goal.

Cannabinoids, which are a group of compounds that include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), have been investigated for their potential in managing intraocular pressure (IOP). The concept of applying these substances topically for this purpose, however, faces significant practicality issues. This is primarily due to the inherent characteristics of cannabinoids: they are lipophilic, meaning they are soluble in fats but not in water. The low aqueous solubility of cannabinoids poses a real challenge when it comes to their effective application and absorption. The fundamental problem lies in the fact that the cornea, the eye’s outermost layer, is primarily a water layer. Therefore, for a substance to penetrate this barrier and reach the inside of the eye, it must have a certain degree of water solubility. Cannabinoids, being lipophilic, struggle to achieve this task, which consequently affects their effectiveness in reducing intraocular pressure when applied topically. This, combined with cannabinoids’ tendency to be quickly metabolized and excreted by the body, makes the topical application of these compounds for the management of IOP daunting. However, there has been a glimmer of hope, thanks to recent advances in pharmaceutical research. Innovative approaches are being explored to overcome these challenges and improve the delivery of cannabinoids. These advances have yielded formulations such as microemulsions and cyclodextrins, which are specifically designed to enhance the penetration of lipophilic substances like cannabinoids through the cornea. Microemulsions are a type of colloidal dispersion that utilizes an oil-in-water structure to deliver lipophilic drugs. They have the advantage of being both thermodynamically stable and capable of improving drug solubility. In the case of cannabinoids, microemulsions can engulf these molecules in their oil core, facilitating their transportation through the water-based cornea and into the eye. On the other hand, cyclodextrins are a family of compounds made up of sugar molecules bound together in a ring (cyclic) structure. They have a unique ability to form inclusion complexes with lipophilic molecules like cannabinoids, essentially encapsulating them within their structure. This allows for increased water solubility and improves their bioavailability, significantly enhancing their corneal penetration. These innovative formulations have shown great promise in overcoming the inherent limitations of cannabinoids. They have achieved localized IOP reduction which could revolutionize the treatment of ocular conditions like glaucoma. By targeting the exact site of action, these formulations reduce the systemic side effects often associated with traditional oral or intravenous administration of drugs. Thus, while the topical application of cannabinoids for managing IOP does present practical challenges, recent research into microemulsions and cyclodextrins offers an exciting and promising solution. These advancements may pave the way for a more effective and less systemic approach to ocular treatment, drastically improving patient outcomes.

Cannabinoids, including Δ9-THC, HU-211, and CBD, are renowned for their Intraocular Pressure (IOP) lowering properties. This characteristic is primarily beneficial in the management and treatment of conditions such as glaucoma. However, the advantages of cannabinoids extend beyond merely their pressure-reducing capabilities. They have been shown to exhibit multiple healing and protective functions, particularly related to neurons and neural pathways. One of the most significant neuroprotective properties of cannabinoids is their ability to inhibit the release of glutamic acid. Glutamic acid, an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, has been implicated in several neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. High concentrations of glutamic acid can lead to neuronal death. By inhibiting its release, cannabinoids can help prevent damage to neurons and promote overall brain health. Moreover, these compounds have been shown to block glutamate (NMDA) receptors. These receptors play a crucial role in apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death. The overactivation of NMDA receptors can cause an influx of calcium ions into the cell, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and eventual cell death. By blocking these receptors, cannabinoids prevent such processes, further bolstering their neuroprotective attributes. The classic cannabinoids, such as Δ9-THC, HU-211, and CBD, have been identified to possess potent antioxidant properties. These characteristics enable them to neutralize harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) effectively. ROS are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen, which can cause significant damage to cell structures–a process known as oxidative stress. By neutralizing these harmful molecules, cannabinoids can protect against neuronal death and contribute to overall neural health and longevity. Furthermore, cannabinoids have demonstrated vasorelaxant properties. This means they can help relax and widen blood vessels, potentially boosting ocular blood flow. By improving blood flow to the eye, they can help ensure adequate nutrient supply to the eye’s tissues, critical for maintaining ocular health. These vasorelaxant properties of cannabinoids may also counter endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictive peptide. Endothelin-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, a condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss. By counteracting endothelin-1, cannabinoids may contribute to lowering the risk of developing glaucoma. In conclusion, cannabinoids possess an array of beneficial properties extending beyond their IOP-lowering effects. Their ability to inhibit glutamic acid release, block NMDA receptors, neutralize harmful ROS, and enhance ocular blood flow underscores their potential therapeutic benefits in various neuro-related conditions and diseases. Further research into these properties could pave the way for new treatment modalities in neurology and ophthalmology.

In summing up, although the precise mechanism of action of cannabinoids – specifically how they function in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) – is not entirely understood, there exists a compelling amount of evidence supporting their potential use in managing glaucoma. This potential is not just limited to reducing IOP but extends to providing neuroprotection as well. These findings carry significant implications for the therapeutic strategies used in treating glaucoma and related ocular disorders. Elaborating on the subject, cannabinoids, which are chemical compounds found primarily in cannabis plants, have been demonstrated in numerous studies to possess a range of medicinal properties. Among these is the potential ability to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), a crucial factor in the development of glaucoma. Glaucoma is an ocular disorder that causes damage to the optic nerve, often escalated by an increase in IOP. If left untreated, it may lead to irreversible blindness. The precise manner in which cannabinoids can lower IOP, however, remains a topic of discussion among researchers and medical professionals. Nonetheless, a mounting body of evidence supports the idea that cannabinoids could be a crucial tool in glaucoma management. Various pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that cannabinoids can help lower IOP and reduce damage to the optic nerve. This evidence underscores the potential benefits of cannabinoids not only in terms of IOP reduction but also in providing neuroprotection. Neuroprotection refers to the preservation of the neural structure and function of the eye, which is critical in preventing the progression of glaucoma and consequent vision loss. Moreover, these findings could have far-reaching implications for the treatment of glaucoma and other related ocular conditions. Their potential use as an alternative or adjunct treatment could revolutionize the current therapeutic strategies and provide hope for many patients who are resistant to conventional treatments or those who experience significant side effects. Besides, cannabinoids’ neuroprotective properties could also be useful in treating other ocular conditions associated with neural damage, further expanding their potential therapeutic applications. On a concluding note, while the exact mechanism of how cannabinoids lower IOP is yet to be fully elucidated, the promising results from various studies cannot be overlooked. This evidence strongly suggests that cannabinoids could be an effective tool in glaucoma management, both in reducing IOP and providing neuroprotection. As our understanding of these compounds deepens with future research, the medicinal use of cannabinoids may well become a cornerstone in the treatment of glaucoma and other related ocular disorders.

Glaucoma is a condition that can cause vision loss and blindness due to high pressure in the eye. Marijuana has been shown to lower the pressure in the eye temporarily, but it is not a practical or effective treatment for glaucoma. Marijuana may also reduce blood flow to the optic nerve, which could worsen glaucoma. To treat glaucoma, eye pressure must be managed 24 hours a day, which is not possible with marijuana ¹²³.

According to Verywell Health, limited research has shown that marijuana could potentially treat glaucoma because of its ability to lower the pressure in the eye. However, marijuana’s effect on eye pressure only lasts for 3-4 hours, which means that it would have to be smoked every 3 hours to lower eye pressure adequately. This makes it impractical for people who drive for a living, operate heavy machinery, or have jobs that require close attention to detail. Additionally, smoking marijuana can cause mood-altering effects and damage the lungs similar to regular tobacco cigarette smoking ¹.

National Eye Institute states that glaucoma and other eye conditions cannot be treated with cannabis or other compounds derived from marijuana, such as CBD. That’s because eye pressure must be managed 24 hours a day to effectively treat glaucoma ³.

It’s important to note that there are other alternative treatments besides marijuana for glaucoma ².

Learn more:

1. verywellhealth.com2. myvision.org3. aao.org4. nei.nih.gov